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Topic 12: "Get Your Data Structures Correct First, and The Rest of The Program Will Write Itself." - David Jones

The document discusses abstract data types (ADTs), data structures, and generic data structures in Java. It covers key concepts like ADTs being descriptions of how a data type will work without implementation details, and data structures being implementations of ADTs that organize information for better algorithm efficiency. The document also discusses Java collections like ArrayList being generic data structures that can hold any object type when declared. It shows how making a custom data structure generic by using type parameters avoids issues like casting that arose from using Object.

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Nikita Bhirud
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85 views

Topic 12: "Get Your Data Structures Correct First, and The Rest of The Program Will Write Itself." - David Jones

The document discusses abstract data types (ADTs), data structures, and generic data structures in Java. It covers key concepts like ADTs being descriptions of how a data type will work without implementation details, and data structures being implementations of ADTs that organize information for better algorithm efficiency. The document also discusses Java collections like ArrayList being generic data structures that can hold any object type when declared. It shows how making a custom data structure generic by using type parameters avoids issues like casting that arose from using Object.

Uploaded by

Nikita Bhirud
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic 12

ADTS, Data Structures, Java Collections and Generic Data Structures

"Get your data structures correct first, and the rest of the program will write itself." - David Jones

CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science

ADTS and Generic Data Structures

Abstract Data Types


Abstract Data Types (aka ADTs) are descriptions of how a data type will work without implementation details Example, Stack at NIST DADS
http://xw2k.nist.gov/dads/HTML/stack.html

Description can be a formal, mathematical description Java interfaces are a form of ADTs
some implementation details start to creep in
CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science ADTS and Generic Data Structures

Data Structures
A Data Structure is:
an implementation of an abstract data type and "An organization of information, usually in computer memory", for better algorithm efficiency." List Object aList 5 size myElements 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3

A C E B A
CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science ADTs and Data Structures

Data Structure Concepts


Data Structures are containers:
they hold other data arrays are a data structure ... so are lists

Other types of data structures:


stack, queue, tree, binary search tree, hash table, dictionary or map, set, and on and on www.nist.gov/dads/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_structures

Different types of data structures are optimized for certain types of operations
CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science ADTs and Data Structures

Core Operations
Data Structures will have 3 core operations
a way to add things a way to remove things a way to access things

Details of these operations depend on the data structure


Example: List, add at the end, access by location, remove by location

More operations added depending on what data structure is designed to do


CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science ADTs and Data Structures

ADTs and Data Structures in Programming Languages


Modern programming languages usually have a library of data structures
Java collections framework C++ standard template library .Net framework (small portion of VERY large library) Python lists and tuples Lisp lists

CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science

ADTs and Data Structures

Data Structures in Java


Part of the Java Standard Library is the Collections Framework
In class we will create our own data structures and discuss the data structures that exist in Java

A library of data structures Built on two interfaces


Collection Iterator

http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/coll ections/index.html
CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science ADTs and Data Structures

The Java Collection interface


A generic collection Can hold any object data type Which type a particular collection will hold is specified when declaring an instance of a class that implements the Collection interface Helps guarantee type safety at compile time

CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science

ADTs and Data Structures

Methods in the Collection interface


public interface Collection<E> { public boolean add(E o) public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) public void clear() public boolean contains(Object o) public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) public boolean equals(Object o) public int hashCode() public boolean isEmpty() public Iterator<E> iterator() public boolean remove(Object o) public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) public int size() public Object[] toArray() public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) }
CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science ADTs and Data Structures

The Java ArrayList Class


Implements the List interface and uses an array as its internal storage container It is a list, not an array The array that actual stores the elements of the list is hidden, not visible outside of the ArrayList class all actions on ArrayList objects are via the methods ArrayLists are generic.
They can hold objects of any type!
CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science ADTs and Data Structures

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ArrayList's (Partial) Class Diagram


Iterable
Object AbstractCollection AbstractList ArrayList
CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science

Collection

List

ADTs and Data Structures

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Back to our Array Based List


Started with a list of ints Don't want to have to write a new list class for every data type we want to store in lists Moved to an array of Objects to store the elements of the list
// from array based list private Object[] myCon;

CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science

ADTS and Generic Data Structures

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Using Object
In Java, all classes inherit from exactly one other class except Object which is at the top of the class hierarchy Object variables can point at objects of their declared type and any descendants
polymorphism

Thus, if the internal storage container is of type Object it can hold anything
primitives handled by wrapping them in objects. int Integer, char - Character
CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science ADTS and Generic Data Structures

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Difficulties with Object


Creating generic containers using the Object data type and polymorphism is relatively straight forward Using these generic containers leads to some difficulties
Casting Type checking

Code examples on the following slides

CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science

ADTS and Generic Data Structures

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Attendance Question 1
What is output by the following code?
ArrayList list = new ArrayList(); String name = "Olivia"; list.add(name); System.out.print( list.get(0).charAt(2) );

A. i B. O C. l

D. No output due to syntax error. E. No output due to runtime error.


CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science ADTS and Generic Data Structures

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Code Example - Casting


Assume a list class
ArrayList li = new ArrayList(); li.add(Hi); System.out.println( li.get(0).charAt(0) ); // previous line has syntax error // return type of get is Object // Object does not have a charAt method // compiler relies on declared type System.out.println( ((String)li.get(0)).charAt(0) ); // must cast to a String
CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science ADTS and Generic Data Structures

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Code Example type checking


//pre: all elements of li are Strings public void printFirstChar(ArrayList li){ String temp; for(int i = 0; i < li.size(); i++) { temp = (String)li.get(i); if( temp.length() > 0 ) System.out.println( temp.charAt(0) ); } } // what happens if pre condition not met?
CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science ADTS and Generic Data Structures

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Too Generic?
Does the compiler allow this?
ArrayList list.add( list.add( list.add( list.add( list = new ArrayList(); "Olivia" ); new Integer(12) ); new Rectangle() ); new ArrayList() );

A. Yes B. No

CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science

ADTS and Generic Data Structures

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Is this a bug or a feature?

CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science

ADTS and Generic Data Structures

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"Fixing" the Method


//pre: all elements of li are Strings public void printFirstChar(ArrayList li){ String temp; for(int i = 0; i < li.size(); i++){ if( li.get(i) instanceof String ){ temp = (String)li.get(i); if( temp.length() > 0 ) System.out.println( temp.charAt(0) ); } } }
CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science ADTS and Generic Data Structures

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Generic Types
Java has syntax for parameterized data types Referred to as Generic Types in most of the literature A traditional parameter has a data type and can store various values just like a variable public void foo(int x) Generic Types are like parameters, but the data type for the parameter is data type
like a variable that stores a data type
CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science ADTS and Generic Data Structures

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Making our Array List Generic


Data type variables declared in class header public class GenericList<E> { The <E> is the declaration of a data type parameter for the class
any legal identifier: Foo, AnyType, Element, DataTypeThisListStores Sun style guide recommends terse identifiers

The value E stores will be filled in whenever a programmer creates a new GenericList
GenericList<String> li = new GenericList<String>();
CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science ADTS and Generic Data Structures

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Modifications to GenericList
instance variable
private E[] myCon;

Parameters on
add, insert, remove, insertAll

Return type on
get

Changes to creation of internal storage container


myCon = (E[])new Object[DEFAULT_SIZE];

Constructor header does not change


CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science ADTS and Generic Data Structures

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Using Generic Types


Back to Java's ArrayList ArrayList list1 = new ArrayList();
still allowed, a "raw" ArrayList works just like our first pass at GenericList casting, lack of type safety

CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science

ADTS and Generic Data Structures

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Using Generic Types


ArrayList<String> list2 = new ArrayList<String>(); for list2 E stores String

list2.add( "Isabelle" ); System.out.println( list2.get(0).charAt(2) ); //ok list2.add( new Rectangle() ); // syntax error

CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science

ADTS and Generic Data Structures

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Parameters and Generic Types


Old version
//pre: all elements of li are Strings public void printFirstChar(ArrayList li){

New version
//pre: none
public void printFirstChar(ArrayList<String> li){

Elsewhere
ArrayList<String> list3 = new ArrayList<String>(); printFirstChar( list3 ); // ok ArrayList<Integer> list4 = new ArrayList<Integer>(); printFirstChar( list4 ); // syntax error
CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science ADTS and Generic Data Structures

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Generic Types and Subclasses


ArrayList<ClosedShape> list5 = new ArrayList<ClosedShape>(); list5.add( new Rectangle() ); list5.add( new Square() ); list5.add( new Circle() ); // all okay list5 can store ClosedShapes and any descendants of ClosedShape

CS 307 Fundamentals of Computer Science

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