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Laws of Logarithms

This document discusses properties and laws of logarithms. It begins with examples of evaluating logarithmic expressions. It then defines the basic properties of common (base 10) and natural (base e) logarithms. These include definitions, logarithms of 1 and the base, and the property that relates the logarithm to its exponential form. The document goes on to cover the product, quotient, and power laws of logarithms which allow expressions to be simplified. Examples are provided to demonstrate solving equations and simplifying logarithmic expressions using these properties and laws.

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Kimberly Marasigan
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578 views12 pages

Laws of Logarithms

This document discusses properties and laws of logarithms. It begins with examples of evaluating logarithmic expressions. It then defines the basic properties of common (base 10) and natural (base e) logarithms. These include definitions, logarithms of 1 and the base, and the property that relates the logarithm to its exponential form. The document goes on to cover the product, quotient, and power laws of logarithms which allow expressions to be simplified. Examples are provided to demonstrate solving equations and simplifying logarithmic expressions using these properties and laws.

Uploaded by

Kimberly Marasigan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5.

5 Properties and Laws of Logarithms


Do Now: Solve for x.
1. log 4 64 x
x=3

2. log 27 3 x
x = 1/3

3. log 10 6 x
x=6

4. ln e12 x
x = 12

Consider some more examples


Without evaluating log (678), we know the expression means the exponent to which 10 must be raised in order to produce 678.

log (678) = x 10x = 678 If 10x = 678, what should x be in order to produce 678? x = log(678) because 10log(678) = 678

And with natural logarithms Without evaluating ln (54), we know the expression means the exponent to which e must be raised in order to produce 54.

ln (54) = x ex = 54

If ex = 54, what should x be in order to produce 54? x = ln(54) because eln(54) = 54

Basic Properties of Logarithms


Common Logarithms 1. log v is defined only when v > 0. 2. log 1 = 0 and log 10 = 1 3. log 10k = k for every real number k. 4. 10logv=v for every v > 0. Natural Logarithms 1. ln v is defined only when v > 0. 2. ln 1 = 0 and ln e = 1 3. ln ek = k for every real number k. 4. elnv=v for every v > 0.

** NOTE: These properties hold for all bases not just 10 and e! **

Example 1: Solving Equations Using Properties Use the basic properties of logarithms to solve each equation.

1. log(x 3) 5
10
log(x 3)

2. ln(2x 1) 7
e
ln(2x 1)

10

x 3 105 x 10 3 x 100,003
5

2x 1 e 7 2x e 1 x
e 7 1 2 7

Laws of Logarithms
Because logarithms represent exponents, it is helpful to review laws of exponents before exploring laws of logarithms.

When multiplying like bases, add the exponents.

aman=am+n
When dividing like bases, subtract the exponents.

a m n a n a

Product and Quotient Laws of Logarithms


For all v,w>0, log(vw) = log v + log w ln(vw) = ln v + ln w

For all v,w 0,

v log v log w log w v ln v ln w ln w

Using Product and Quotient Laws


1. Given that log 3 = 0.4771 and log 4 = 0.6021, find log 12. log 12 = log (34) = log 3 + log 4 = 1.0792

2. Given that log 40 = 1.6021 and log 8 = 0.9031, find log 5. log 5 = log (40 / 8) = log 40 log 8 = 0.6990

Power Law of Logarithms


For all k and v > 0, log vk = k log v ln vk = k ln v For example log 9 = log 32 = 2 log 3

Using the Power Law


1. Given that log 25 = 1.3979, find log
4

25 .

log (25) = log 25 = 0.3495

2. Given that ln 22 = 3.0910, find ln 22.

ln (22) = ln 22 = 1.5455

Simplifying Expressions
Logarithmic expressions can be simplified using logarithmic properties and laws. Example 1: Write ln(3x) + 4ln(x) ln(3xy) as a single logarithm. ln(3x) + 4ln(x) ln(3xy) = ln(3x) + ln(x4) ln(3xy) = ln(3xx4) ln(3xy) = ln(3x5) ln(3xy) = ln

= ln
3x 5 3xy x4 y

Simplifying Expressions
Simplify each expression.

1. log 8x + 3 log x log 2x2

log 4x2

2. ln

ln
x x

ex 2

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