RADAR An In-Building RF-Based User Location and Tracking System
RADAR An In-Building RF-Based User Location and Tracking System
Overview
Goal
Track indoor objects using WIFI (802.11b)
Experiment
3 base stations and 1 mobile node in an indoor environment.
Results
Authors show they can track objects within 2-3 meters.
Infrared Techniques
Scales poorly due to limited range of IR Installation and maintenance costs. Poor performance in direct sunlight.
RADAR
Uses RF signal strength (SS) from multiple receiver locations to triangulate the users coordinates. Can be used for location aware applications.
Detect nearest printer
Test Environment
3 Base Stations 10500 sq ft Lucent WaveLAN cards. 200m/50m/25m range for open/semiopen/closed areas.
Map of Testbed
Cohen-Sutherland line-clipping algorithm to compute the number of walls that obstructed direct line of sight base stations and locations.
Analysis
Convert physical space to signal space (ss1,ss2,ss3) Nearest Neighbor in Signal Space (NNSS) using Euclidean distance.
Euclidian Distance (ss1 ss '1) 2 (ss 2 ss '2) 2 (ss3 ss '3) 2
Comparison
Empirical Method is more accurate than other tracking methods.
K-nearest neighbors
Average k neighbors (in signal space) Result: Small k has some benefit and large k is not accurate. K-neighbors in signal space are not near in physical space.
An illustration of how averaging multiple nearest (N1, N2, N3) can lead to a guess (G) that is closer to the users true location (T) than any of the neighbors is individually.
References
P. Bahl and V. N. Padmanabhan, "RADAR: an inbuilding RF-based user location and tracking system," in INFOCOM 2000. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proceedings. IEEE, 2000, pp. 775-784 vol.2.
Conclusions
Authors show WIFI can be used to track objects. Empirical Method can track objects within 2-3 meters. RF Model Method can track objects within 4-8 meters.