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    Nutritional Assessment

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    Eli Zza Koirala
    Nutritional assessment aims to identify individuals at risk of or experiencing malnutrition through anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary evaluation methods. Anthropometric methods like measuring mid-arm circumference and skin fold thickness reflect current nutritional status. Clinical assessment utilizes physical signs associated with deficiencies. Dietary assessment methods include 24-hour dietary recalls, food frequency questionnaires, and food diaries to evaluate nutritional intake. Laboratory tests like hemoglobin estimation and stool examinations further evaluate nutritional status.

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    Nutritional Assessment

    Uploaded by

    Eli Zza Koirala
    1K views34 pages
    Nutritional assessment aims to identify individuals at risk of or experiencing malnutrition through anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary evaluation methods. Anthropometric methods like measuring mid-arm circumference and skin fold thickness reflect current nutritional status. Clinical assessment utilizes physical signs associated with deficiencies. Dietary assessment methods include 24-hour dietary recalls, food frequency questionnaires, and food diaries to evaluate nutritional intake. Laboratory tests like hemoglobin estimation and stool examinations further evaluate nutritional status.

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    Nutritional assessment aims to identify individuals at risk of or experiencing malnutrition through anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary evaluation methods. Anthropometric methods like measuring mid-arm circumference and skin fold thickness reflect current nutritional status. Clinical assessment utilizes physical signs associated with deficiencies. Dietary assessment methods include 24-hour dietary recalls, food frequency questionnaires, and food diaries to evaluate nutritional intake. Laboratory tests like hemoglobin estimation and stool examinations further evaluate nutritional status.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    1K views34 pages

    Nutritional Assessment

    Uploaded by

    Eli Zza Koirala
    Nutritional assessment aims to identify individuals at risk of or experiencing malnutrition through anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary evaluation methods. Anthropometric methods like measuring mid-arm circumference and skin fold thickness reflect current nutritional status. Clinical assessment utilizes physical signs associated with deficiencies. Dietary assessment methods include 24-hour dietary recalls, food frequency questionnaires, and food diaries to evaluate nutritional intake. Laboratory tests like hemoglobin estimation and stool examinations further evaluate nutritional status.

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    The key takeaways are that nutritional assessment is done to identify individuals at risk of malnutrition and to develop health programs and measure their effectiveness. The main methods discussed are anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary evaluation.

    The different methods of nutritional assessment discussed are anthropometric, biochemical/laboratory, clinical, and dietary evaluation.

    Some of the anthropometric measurements taken include mid-arm circumference, skin fold thickness, head circumference, chest circumference, height, and weight.

    Nutritional Assessment

    Nutritional Assessment Why?


    The purpose of nutritional assessment is to: Identify individuals or population groups at risk of becoming malnourished Identify individuals or population groups who are malnourished

    Nutritional Assessment Why? 2


    To develop health care programs that meet the community needs. To measure the effectiveness of the nutritional programs & intervention once initiated

    Methods of Nutritional Assessment


    These are summarized as ABCD
    Anthropometric methods

    Biochemical, laboratory methods


    Clinical methods Dietary evaluation methods

    Anthropometric Methods
    Anthropometry is the measurement of body height, weight , circumferences and skin fold thickness. It is an essential component of examination of infants, children & pregnant women. It is used to evaluate both under & over nutrition.

    The measured values reflects the current nutritional status .

    Anthropometric Measurements
    Mid-arm circumference
    Skin fold thickness

    Head circumference
    Chest circumference

    Anthropometry for children


    Growth monitoring
    For growth monitoring the data are plotted on growth charts over a period of time that is enough to calculate growth velocity, which can then be compared to international standards.

    9/2

    Median Low weight for age

    Very low weight for age

    9/3

    9/4

    Median
    Low weight for age

    Very low weight for age

    9/5

    Measurements for adults


    Height:
    The subject stands erect & bare footed on a stadiometer with a movable head piece. The head piece is leveled with skull vault & height is recorded .

    WEIGHT MEASUREMENT
    Use a regularly calibrated electronic or

    balanced-beam scale. Spring scales are less


    reliable.

    Weigh in light clothes, no shoes.

    Nutritional Indices in Adults


    The international standard for assessing body

    size in adults is the body mass index (BMI).


    BMI is computed using the following formula:

    BMI = Weight (kg)/ Height (m)

    BMI (WHO - Classification)


    BMI < 18.5 = Under Weight BMI 18.5-24.5= Healthy weight range BMI 25-30 = Overweight (grade 1 obesity) BMI >30-40 = Obese (grade 2 obesity) BMI >40 =Very obese (morbid or grade 3 obesity)

    CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
    It is an essential features of all nutritional surveys. It is the simplest & most practical method of ascertaining the nutritional status of a group of individuals. It utilizes a number of physical signs, that are known to be associated with malnutrition and deficiency of vitamins & micronutrients.

    CLINICAL ASSESSMENT/2
    Good nutritional history should be obtained. General clinical examination, with special attention to organs like hair, gums, nails, skin, eyes, tongue, muscles, bones, & thyroid gland. Detection of relevant signs helps in establishing the nutritional diagnosis

    Clinical signs of nutritional deficiency

    HAIR
    Thin n brittle Easy to pull out Coiled hair Protein, zinc, deficiency Protein deficiency Vit C & Vit A deficiency

    Clinical signs of nutritional deficiency MOUTH


    Glossitis Riboflavin, , folic acid, B12 , Vit C,A, K, folic acid & niacin

    Bleeding & spongy gums

    Sore mouth & tongue

    Vit B12,6,c ,folic acid & iron

    Clinical signs of nutritional deficiency EYES


    Night blindness Vitamin A deficiency

    Photophobia-blurring, conjunctival inflammation

    Vit B2 & vit A deficiencies

    Clinical signs of nutritional deficiency NAILS


    Brittle nail indicate nutritional deficiency. e.g. anemia iron Deficiency.

    Clinical signs of nutritional deficiency SKIN


    Pallor Folic acid, iron, B12

    Pigmentation

    PEM

    Bruising

    Vit K ,Vit C & folic acid

    Clinical signs of nutritional deficiency Thyroid gland


    in mountainous areas

    and far from sea places Goiter is a reliable sign of iodine deficiency.

    Clinical signs of nutritional deficiency Joins & bones


    Help detect signs of

    vitamin D deficiency (Rickets).

    DIETARY ASSESSMENT
    Nutritional intake of humans is assessed by

    five different methods. These are:


    24 hours dietary recall Food frequency questionnaire

    Dietary history since early life


    Food dairy technique Observed food consumption

    24 Hours Dietary Recall


    A trained interviewer asks the subject to recall all food & drink taken in the previous 24 hours. It is quick, easy, & depends on short-term memory, but may not be truly representative of the persons usual intake

    Food Frequency Questionnaire


    In this method the subject is given a list of around 100 food items to indicate his or her intake (frequency & quantity) per day, per week

    & per month.


    inexpensive, more representative & easy to

    use.

    DIETARY HISTORY
    It is an accurate method for assessing the nutritional status. The information should be collected by a trained interviewer. Details about usual intake, types, amount, frequency & timing needs to be obtained. Cross-checking to verify data is important.

    FOOD DAIRY
    Food intake (types & amounts) should be

    recorded by the subject at the time of


    consumption. The length of the collection period range between 1-7 days. Reliable but difficult to maintain.

    Observed Food Consumption


    The most unused method in clinical practice,

    but it is recommended for research purposes.


    The meal eaten by the individual is weighed and

    contents are exactly calculated.


    The method is characterized by having a high

    degree of accuracy but expensive & needs time & efforts.

    Initial Laboratory Assessment


    Hemoglobin estimation is the most important test, & useful index of the overall state of nutrition. Stool examination for the presence of ova and/or intestinal parasites .
    Urine dipstick & microscopy for albumin,

    sugar and blood

    Specific Lab Tests


    Measurement of individual nutrient in body fluids (e.g. serum retinol, serum iron, urinary iodine, vitamin D)

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