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Concept of PH and Buffer: Dr. Zakiah Jubri

This document discusses concepts related to pH, buffers, and their importance in human biology. It defines pH as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration and describes how pH is used to measure acidity. It explains acids and bases, and how weak acids and bases only partially dissociate. The key buffer systems in the human body are described, including the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system that maintains blood pH between 7.36-7.44. The role of buffers in resisting pH changes when acids or bases are introduced is also summarized.

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205 views27 pages

Concept of PH and Buffer: Dr. Zakiah Jubri

This document discusses concepts related to pH, buffers, and their importance in human biology. It defines pH as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration and describes how pH is used to measure acidity. It explains acids and bases, and how weak acids and bases only partially dissociate. The key buffer systems in the human body are described, including the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system that maintains blood pH between 7.36-7.44. The role of buffers in resisting pH changes when acids or bases are introduced is also summarized.

Uploaded by

Rolling Coast
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Concept of pH and buffer

Dr. Zakiah Jubri

Objectives
At the end of the lecture, students should
be able to:
describe the concept of ionization, pH and pKa define acids, bases and their relation in normal metabolism. explain the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. explain the principle of buffer and its function in human body

References


Principles of Biochemistry. Horton HR., Moran LA., Ochs RS., Rawn JD., Scrimgeour KG. 2002.Third Edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc, NJ. Medical Biochemistry. Bhagavan NV. Fourth Edition. 2002. Harcourt Academic Press, San Diego. Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry. Murray RK., Granner DK., Mayes PA., Rodwell VW. Twenty sixth edition. 2003. Lange Medical Books/McCraw-Hill, NY. Basic Medical Biochemistry. A clinical approach. Marks DB., Marks AD., Smith CM. 1996. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Water
H2 O

H+ + OH-

Pure water consists of H2O. Water molecule can dissociate and ionize to form
hydrogen ions, H+ and hydroxyl ions, OH-. These 2 products influences cells constituents H+ determines pH of the medium Influences catalytic activities of various cellular enzymes

Dipolar Nature of Water


Two hydrogen atom

linked covalently to an oxygen atom Oxygen has a strong electron-withdrawing tendency

Oxygen has two more

Lie more towards oxygen two hydrogen atoms partial positive charges.

pairs of electron which remain unshared

localized partial negative charge

Form hydrogen bonds


between positive pole and negative pole of water molecule.

Solvent Properties
Because of its dipolar character

In the crystal structure, NaCl is held together by strong electrostatic attractions between Na+ and ClIn water, negative pole of the water is attracted towards Na+ and positive pole towards Cl-

In the human body


Cations are attracted to the oxygen atom
and anions
contains inorganic cations and anions.

Ion-dipole interactions
hold the components of soluble salts in solutions.

hydrogen atoms.

pH
Measure the proton H+ concentration in moles per liter. Defines as negative logarithm of hydrogen ion
concentration, expressed in moles pH = - log H+

The normal pH of human blood -physiological pH is 7.36-

7.44 Diabetes, can have a lower pH, a condition called acidosis. Alkalosis prolonged vomiting (loss of HCl from the stomach) hyperventilation (excessive loss of carbonic acid as carbon dioxide).

Acids - referred as proton donors Bases -proton acceptors Strong acids and strong bases
Weak acids and weak bases.

dissociate completely in water, such as HCl and NaOH. do not dissociate completely in water. such as the amino acids (proteins) purines and pyrimidines (DNA and RNA) Important in living systems

Relationship between acids and bases

HCl + H2O
acid base
H+ donor H+ acceptor

Cl- + H3O+
base acid
conjugate base of HCl conjugate acid of H2O

Weak acids CH3COOH


Acetic acid (weak acid)

H+ + CH3COOAcetate anion (conjugate base)

Dissociation constant (Ka)


For a weak acid indicates the tendency of the acid to
lose its proton and form its conjugate base HA H+ + AKa = H+A- HA

For acetic acid.

Ka = H+CH3COO-

CH3COOH Ka = 1.76 X 10-5 M at 25oC

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
pH = pKa + log A- HA
pH = pKa + log Proton acceptor Proton donor pH = pKa + log conjugate base weak acid pKa value is a measure of the acid strength of a particular compound. pKa=2 > 5 pH=pKa, a weak acid is 50% dissociates

BUFFERS
Is a system that resists any changes in its pH

when a small amount of acid or alkali is added. Consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base. Effectiveness of a buffer
These two components are present in equimolar concentrations pH (of the medium) equals to pKa (of the acid-base pair)

It remains effective between 1 pH unit below


and 1 unit above the pKa

pH 5.76 (Zone of buffering capacity)


pH 3.76

Body fluids must be protected against changes


in pH because most enzymes are very pH sensitive. Constantly active because metabolism involves the production of acids and bases. Long term, excess acid or base is eliminated via the kidney and the lungs Short term, by buffering system

Major buffer systems


pH of the blood is maintained
Bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system
7.36-7.44 operates in extracellular fluid in red blood cells.

Hemoglobin buffer system


Phosphate buffer system
in all types of cells cells and plasma.

Protein buffer system

Bicarbonate Buffer System


Carbonic acid and

bicarbonate Is regulated by kidney and lungs. CO2

major source of metabolic acid in the body produced from fuel oxidation in the TCA cycle

CO2(d) in blood= CO2(g) in lung H2CO3 dependent on the PaCO2(g) H+ increases, it will be taken up by HCO-3

H2CO3 increases CO2(d) in the blood increases increase in the pressure of CO2 in the lungs and exhaled through increased rate of breathing. H+ reduces, rate of breathing reduces, CO2 retained, form CO2(d) , form H2CO3 , back to normal.

Bicarbonate and Hemoglobin


Buffering the blood and transporting CO2 to the
lung. CO2 diffuses interstitial fluid blood plasma RBC (carbonic anhydrase)

H+ combine with bicarbonate. Carbonic acid dissociate into CO2 and

water. In lung, CO2 releases Hb loses H+ allows it to bind oxygen Bicarbonate buffer system is intimately linked to the delivery of oxygen to tissues.

pH falls, breathe more rapidly and expire more CO2. pH rises, breathe more shallowly. CO2 retained form

carbonic acid back to normal pH Rate of breathing contributes in pH regulation dissolved CO2 in blood. Bicarbonate and carbonic acid buffer system for plasma and interstitial fluid. Blood extracellular proteins, buffering capacity through amino acid side chains accept and release protons

Phosphate anions and proteins


Maintaining a constant

pH of intracellular fluids. Phosphate anions

Organic phosphate
anions

Int buffer in RBC and cells Conc is much higher than in blood and interstitial fluid

Protein- histidine and


amino acids
Accept H+

Glucose 6-phosphate and ATP

Acetoacetic acid and -hydroxybutyric acid


Lactic acid
From fatty acid oxidation to ketone bodies Glycolysis

Cell becomes too acidic,


Cell becomes too alkaline,
more H+ is transported out in exchange for Na+ ions more bicarbonate is transported out in exchange for Cl- ions.

THANK YOU

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