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    UMN

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    Muzayyinatulhayat
    The document discusses upper and lower motor neurons, which originate in the brain and spinal cord respectively and transmit signals to control voluntary movement. Upper motor neurons are located in the brain and cortex, while lower motor neurons are located in the spinal cord and brainstem. The document outlines the characteristics and functions of both types of motor neurons.

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    UMN

    Uploaded by

    Muzayyinatulhayat
    117 views20 pages
    The document discusses upper and lower motor neurons, which originate in the brain and spinal cord respectively and transmit signals to control voluntary movement. Upper motor neurons are located in the brain and cortex, while lower motor neurons are located in the spinal cord and brainstem. The document outlines the characteristics and functions of both types of motor neurons.

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    The document discusses upper and lower motor neurons, which originate in the brain and spinal cord respectively and transmit signals to control voluntary movement. Upper motor neurons are located in the brain and cortex, while lower motor neurons are located in the spinal cord and brainstem. The document outlines the characteristics and functions of both types of motor neurons.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    117 views20 pages

    UMN

    Uploaded by

    Muzayyinatulhayat
    The document discusses upper and lower motor neurons, which originate in the brain and spinal cord respectively and transmit signals to control voluntary movement. Upper motor neurons are located in the brain and cortex, while lower motor neurons are located in the spinal cord and brainstem. The document outlines the characteristics and functions of both types of motor neurons.

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    UMN LMN

    dr. Rohmania Setiarini

    What is Motor Neurone?



    Upper motor neurones (UMN) originate in the base of the cortex of the brain Lower motor neurones (LMN) originate in the spinal cord Act as transmitters that provide a chain of command for voluntary movement to muscles throughout the body

    Lower motor neurons


    LMN or second order neurons are Cranial and spinal nerves. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the brain stem, but their axons can leave the central nervous system and synapse with the muscles of the body. All lower motor neurons are either spinal or cranial nerves. All spinal nerves have a lower motor neuron component as they are mixed nerves. However, not all cranial nerves have lower motor neuron components. Some of the cranial nerves contain only sensory fibers and therefore cannot be classified as lower motor neurons. For example, CN I, the olfactory nerve, CN II the optic nerve, and CN VIII, the auditory nerve, do not have motor components.

    Upper motor neuron (UMN) disusun oleh: Pyramidal Ekstrapyramidal

    Traktus piramidal

    Terdiri dari : Serabut kortikospinalis Serabut kortikobulbar

    Corticospinal Tract
    First order neuron (upper motor neuron) originates in precentral gyrus Passes through internal capsule 90% decussates in caudal medulla
    Lateral corticospinal tract

    10% undecussated
    Anterior corticospinal tract

    Synapses on second order neuron (lower motor neuron) in ventral gray of the cord Second order neuron innervates muscle

    organization of motor subsystems

    Upper & Lower Motor Neurons


    Motor Ctx
    UMN

    Upper Motor Neuron


    Motor Cortex to Ventral Grey Horn Modulatory influence on stretch reflex arc

    Lower Motor Neuron


    Ventral Grey Horn to Neuromuscular Junction Efferent of stretch reflex arc Helps maintain tone

    Ventral Grey Horn

    LMN

    Upper & Lower Motor Neurons


    Maintenance of Tone Input from stretch receptors causes lower motor neuron to supply tonic stimulation to the muscle The upper motor neuron modulates this

    UMN

    LMN

    Upper & Lower Motor Neurons


    Reflex Arc Afferent is sensory neuron detecting a sudden stretch Signal is strong and results in a strong response by the lower motor neuron Strong signal usually overcomes mild cortical input from the UMN

    UMN

    LMN

    Upper & Lower Motor Neurons


    Motor Ctx
    UMN

    Upper Motor Neuron Signs


    Spastic paresis Hypertonia Hyperreflexia No muscle atrophy (until perhaps late in the course) Positive Babinski

    Ventral Grey Horn

    Why?
    Loss of voluntary UMN signal Loss of modulation of tone and reflexes by UMN -the circuit runs unchecked

    LMN

    Upper & Lower Motor Neurons


    Motor Ctx
    UMN

    Lower Motor Neuron Signs


    Flaccid paresis/paralysis Muscle fasciculations Hypotonia Hyporeflexia Muscle atrophy Negative Babinski

    Ventral Grey Horn

    Why?
    Loss of LMN for voluntary movement Loss of efferent component of reflex arc and tone pathway

    LMN

    14

    White Matter: The Big Four Pathways


    Corticospinal tract
    Dorsal Columns Spinothalamic tract Spinocerebellar tracts

    Corticospinal tract
    Voluntary motor

    Dorsal columns/ medial lemniscus


    Discriminative touch Conscious proprioception

    Spinocerebellar tract (dorsal and ventral)


    Unconscious proprioception

    Spinothalamic tract Pain/temperature

    Alpha motoneuronsextrafusal fibers bigger and more numerous than intrafusal myofibrils all along length this causes muscle contraction Gamma motoneurons intrafusal fibers tightens spindles enhances sensitivity of spindles

    Motor end plates

    David B. Fankhauser, Ph.D., Professor of Biology and Chemistry, University of Cincinnati Clermont College

    Principal Features of UMNL & LMNL


    UMNL: (1) No muscle wasting, except from disuse ( disuse atrophy) (3) Spasticity ( hypertonia ) , called clasp-knife spasticity (4) Clonus present (5) Brisk ( exaggerated ) tendon jerks (6) Extensor plantar reflex , Babinski sign ( dorsiflexion of the big toe and fanning out of the other toes ) (7) Absent abdominal reflexes (8) No fasciculations (9) No fibrillation potential in EMG
    LMNL: (1) Marked muscle wasting (atrophy ) (3) Flacidity (Hypotonia ) , hence given the name flaccid paralysis (4) No clonus (5) Diminished or absent tendon reflexes (6) Absent plantar reflex (normally it is flexor ) . (7) Absent abdominal reflexes (8) Fasciculations may occur . (9) Fibrillation potentials present .

    19

    Examples of Conditions in Which there is UMNL or LMNL


    Upper Motor Neuron Lesion
    Can result from (1) Haemorrhage , thrombosis or embolism in the internal capsule (2) Spinal cord transection or hemisection (BrownSequard syndrome ) Lower Motor Neuron Lesion Can result from (1) Spinal root lesions or peripheral nerve lesion ( e.g. nerve injury by trauma or compressive lesion (2) Anterior horn cell lesions ( e.g. , poliomyelitis, motor neuron disease )

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