COMPLEX NUMBERS

Presented to you by-

• MANDAR
• SHEMILA
• SUPRIYA
• SHILPA
• ANKITA
• RALSTON
 **COMPLEX NUMBERS**
• A complex number can be visually represented as a pair
of numbers forming a vector on a diagram called an
Argand diagram

• In mathematics, the complex numbers are an extension

of the real numbers obtained by adjoining an
imaginary unit, denoted i, which satisfies:

• Every complex number can be written in the form a + bi,

where a and b are real numbers called the real part and
the imaginary part of the complex number, respectively.

• Complex numbers are a field, and thus have addition,

subtraction, multiplication, and division operations.
These operations extend the corresponding operations
on real numbers, although with a number of additional
elegant and useful properties, e.g., negative real
numbers can be obtained by squaring complex
(imaginary) numbers.
 ***DISCOVERED***
• Complex numbers were first conceived and defined by
the Italian mathematician Girolamo Cardano, who called
them "fictitious", during his attempts to find solutions to
cubic equations.

• The solution of a general cubic equation may require

intermediate calculations containing the square roots of
negative numbers, even when the final solutions are real
numbers, a situation known as casus irreducibilis.
• This ultimately led to the
fundamental theorem of algebra, which shows that with
complex numbers, it is always possible to find solutions
to polynomial equations of degree one or higher.

• The rules for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and

division of complex numbers were developed by the
Italian mathematician Rafael Bombelli. A more abstract
formalism for the complex numbers was further
developed by the Irish mathematician
William Rowan Hamilton, who extended this abstraction
to the theory of quaternions.
 **DEFINATION**
• complex numbers are very often written in the form
where a and b are real numbers, and i is the
imaginary unit, which has the property i 2 = −1. The
real number a is called the real part of the complex
number, and the real number b is the imaginary part.
• The real numbers, R, may be regarded as a subset of C
by considering every real number a complex number
with an imaginary part of zero; that is, the real number
a is identified with the complex number a + 0i. Complex
numbers with a real part of zero are called imaginary
numbers; instead of writing 0 + bi, that imaginary
number is usually denoted as just bi. If b equals 1,
instead of using 0 + 1i or 1i, the number is denoted as i.
• In some disciplines (in particular, electrical engineering,
where i is a symbol for current), the imaginary unit i is
instead written as j, so complex numbers are sometimes
written as a + bj.
 ***HISTORY***
• Complex numbers became more prominent in the 16th
century, when closed formulas for the roots of cubic and
quartic polynomials were discovered by Italian
mathematicians (see Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia,
Gerolamo Cardano). It was soon realized that these
formulas, even if one was only interested in real
solutions, sometimes required the manipulation of
square roots of negative numbers. For example,
Tartaglia's cubic formula gives the following solution to
the equation x³ − x = 0:
• At first glance this looks like nonsense. However formal
calculations with complex numbers show that the
equation z3 = i has solutions –i, and . Substituting these
in turn for in Tartaglia's cubic formula and simplifying,
one gets 0, 1 and −1 as the solutions of x3 – x = 0.
 ***HISTORY***
• The term "imaginary" for these quantities was
coined by René Descartes in 1637 and was
meant to be derogatory.
• A further source of confusion was that the
equation seemed to be capriciously
inconsistent with the algebraic identity , which
is valid for positive real numbers a and b, and
which was also used in complex number
calculations with one of a, b positive and the
other negative.
• The incorrect use of this identity (and the
related identity ) in the case when both a and
b are negative even bedeviled Euler. This
difficulty eventually led to the convention of
using the special symbol i in place of to guard
against this mistake.
 ***HISTORY***

• The 18th century saw the labors of

Abraham de Moivre and Leonhard Euler. To de
Moivre is due (1730) the well-known formula
which bears his name, de Moivre's formula:
and to Euler (1748) Euler's formula of
complex analysis:

• The existence of complex numbers was not

completely accepted until the geometrical
interpretation (see below) had been described
by Caspar Wessel in 1799; it was rediscovered
several years later and popularized by
Carl Friedrich Gauss, and as a result the
theory of complex numbers received a notable
expansion.
 The field of complex numbers
 A field is an algebraic structure with addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division operations that
satisfy certain algebraic laws. The complex numbers
form a field, known as the complex number field,
denoted by C. In particular, this means that the complex
numbers possess:
 An additive identity ("zero"), 0 + 0i.
 A multiplicative identity ("one"), 1 + 0i.
 An additive inverse of every complex number. The
additive inverse of a + bi is −a − bi.
 A multiplicative inverse (reciprocal) of every nonzero
complex number. The multiplicative inverse of a + bi is
 Examples of other fields are the real numbers and the
rational numbers. When each real number a is identified
with the complex number a + 0i, the field of real
numbers R becomes a subfield of C.
 The complex numbers C can also be characterized as
the topological closure of the algebraic numbers or as
the algebraic closure of R
 The complex plane Geometric representation
of z and its conjugate in the complex plane.
 A complex number z can be viewed as a point
or a position vector in a two-dimensional
Cartesian coordinate system called the
complex plane or Argand diagram (see
Pedoe 1988 and Solomentsev 2001) named
after Jean-Robert Argand. The point and hence
the complex number z can be specified by
Cartesian (rectangular) coordinates.
 The Cartesian coordinates of the complex
number are the real part x = Re(z) and the
imaginary part y = Im(z). The representation
of a complex number by its Cartesian
coordinates is called the Cartesian form or
rectangular form or algebraic form of that
complex number.
 Absolute value, conjugation and distance
 The absolute value (or modulus or magnitude) of a
complex number z = reiφ is defined as | z | = r.
Algebraically, if z = x + yi, then
 The absolute value has three important properties:
 where if and only if (triangle inequality) for all complex
numbers z and w. These imply that | 1 | = 1 and | z / w |
=|z|/|w|.
 By defining the distance function d(z,w) = | z − w | , we
turn the set of complex numbers into a metric space
and we can therefore talk about limits and continuity.
 POLAR FORM
 CARTESIAN REPRESENTATION OF POLAR FORM
Z=X+iY.

 DEFINATION OF “POLAR FORM”.

 “PRINCIPAL VAULES” OF POLAR FORM.

 CONVERSION FORM CARTESIAN TO POLAR FORM.
 NOTATION OF POLAR FORM

 “MULTIPLICATION FORMULA”.

 “DIVISION FORMULA”.

 “ROOT EXTRACTION & EXPONENTIATION”.

 Euler's identity
 The exponential function
ez can be defined as the
limit of (1 + z/N)N, as N
approaches infinity, and
thus eiπ is the limit of (1
+ iπ/N)N. In this
animation N takes
various increasing values
from 1 to 100. The
computation of (1 +
iπ/N)N is displayed as the
combined effect of N
repeated multiplications
in the complex plane,
with the final point being
the actual value of (1 +
iπ/N)N. It can be seen
that as N gets larger (1 +
iπ/N)N approaches a limit
of −1.
 In mathematical analysis, Euler's identity,
named after Leonhard Euler, is the equation
where is Euler's number, the base of the
natural logarithm, is the imaginary unit, one
of the two complex numbers whose square is
negative one (the other is ), and is pi, the ratio
of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
 Euler's identity is also sometimes called
Euler's equation.
 DERIVATION
• Euler's formula for a
general angle.
• The identity is a special
case of Euler's formula
from complex analysis,
which states that
• for any real number x.
(Note that the arguments
to the trigonometric
functions sin and cos are
taken to be in radians.) In
particular,
• Since and it follows that
which gives the identity
 **APPLICATIONS**
• Complex numbers are used in many different fields
including applications in engineering, electromagnetism
, quantum physics, applied mathematics, and
chaos theory. When the underlying field of numbers for
a mathematical construct is the field of complex
numbers, the name usually reflects that fact. Examples
are complex analysis, complex matrix, complex
polynomial and complex Lie algebra.
– 1 Control theory
– 2 Signal analysis
– 3 Improper integrals
– 4 Quantum mechanics
– 5 Relativity
– 6 Applied mathematics
– 7 Fluid dynamics
– 8 Fractals
 1.CONTROL THEORY:
 IN CONTROL THEORY ,DYNAMICAL SYSTEM ARE TRANSFORMED
FROM TIME DOMAIN TO FREQUENCY DOMAIN USING LAPLACE
TRANSFORM.
 THEN SYSTEM’S POLES AND ZEROS ARE ANALYZED IN THE
COMPLEX PLANE USING TECHNIQUES SUCH AS ROOT LOCUS,
NYQUIST PLOT.
 IN THE ROOT LOCUS ,IT IS VERY IMPORTANT WHETHER THE
POLES AND ZEROS ARE IN THE LEFT OR RIGHT HALF OF THE
COMPLEX PLANE.
 IF A SYSTEM HAS POLES THAT ARE :
 IN THE LEFT ,IT WILL BE STABLE.
 IN THE RIGHT , IT WILL BE UNSTABLE.
 WHEREAS, ON THE IMAGINARY AXIS IT WILL HAVE
MARGINAL STABILITY.

 IF A SYSTEM HAS ZERO IN THE RIGHT HALF PLANE,IT IS A

 NON-MINIMUM PHASE SYSTEM.
 2. SIGNAL ANALYSIS:
 THE COMPLEX NO ARE USED IN SIGNAL ANALYSIS FOR A
CONVIENIENT DESCRIPTION FOR PERIODICALLY
VARYING SIGNALS.
 3.IMPROPER INTEGRALS:
 IN APPLIED FIELDS, COMPLEX NOs ARE USED TO
COMPUTE REAL VALUED IMPROPER INTEGRALS BY
MEANS OF COMPLEX VALUED FUNCTIONS.
 4.QUANTUM MECHANICS:
 THE COMPLEX NO FIELDS IS USED IN THE
MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF QUANTUM
MECHANICS.
 FOUNDATION FORMULAS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS-
THE HEISENBERG’S MATRIX MECHANICS MAKES USE OF
COMPLEX NOs.
 5. RELATIVITY:
 IN RELATIVITY , FORMULAS FOR THE METRIC ON SPACE TIME BECOME
SIMPLER IF ONE TAKES THE TIME VARIABLE TO BE IMAGINARY.
 COMPLEX NOS ARE ESSENTIAL TO SPINORS WHICH ARE A
GENERALIZATION OF THE TENSORS USED IN RELATIVITY.

 6. APPLIED MATHEMATICS:
 IN DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS,IT IS COMMON TO FIND ALL COMPLEX
ROOTS R OF THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION AND THEN ATTEMPT TO
SOLVE THE SYSTEM IN TERMS OF BASE FUNCTIONS OF THE FORM
F(T)=Ert.

 7. FLUID DYNAMICS:
 IN FLUID DYNAMICS, COMPLEX FUNCTIONS ARE USED TO DESCRIBE
POTENTIAL FLOW IN TWO DIMENSIONS.

 8. FRACTALS:

FRACTALS IS A FRAGMENTAL GEOMETRIC SHAPE WHICH ARE PLOTTED
IN THE COMPLEX PLANE, E.G. THE MANDELBROT SET .
 ***OPERATIONS***

• Complex numbers are added, subtracted, multiplied,

and divided by formally applying the associative,
commutative and distributive laws of algebra, together
with the equation i 2 = −1:
• 1.Addition:
• 2.Subtraction:
• 3.Multiplication:
• 4.Division: frac(1 − i)(1 + i)
• where c and d are not both zero. This is obtained by
multiplying both the numerator and the denominator
with the complex conjugate of the denominator.
• Since the complex number a + bi is uniquely specified
by the ordered pair (a, b), the complex numbers are in
one-to-one correspondence with points on a plane. This
complex plane is described below.