What is Electromagnetics?

- Circuit Theory
- Kirchhoffs Voltage and Current Laws
- Current
- Resistance
- Capacitance
- Inductance
- Voltage
- Electric and Magnetic Energy
- Power, Electric Machines
- Antennas, Waves and Wave Propagation, Optics
and Optical Computing
The study and application of electric and magnetic fields
Electrical Engineering is Applied Electromagnetics:
Why Electromagnetics?
As devices get smaller and smaller, and frequencies get higher and higher,
circuit theory is less able to adequately describe the performance or to
predict the operation of circuits.

At very high frequencies, transmission line and guided wave theory must
be used - high speed electronics, micro/nano electronics, integrated circuits.

Other applications of Electromagnetics -
Fiber Optics
Microwave Communication Systems
Antennas and wave propagation
Optical Computing
Electromagnetic Interference, Electromagnetic Compatibility
Biology and Medicine/Medical Imaging
Electrical Engineering is Applied Electromagnetics
3
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields
1
2 3
4
consider an interconnect between points 1 and 2
High-speed, high-density digital circuits:
4
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields
transmitter and receiver
are connected by a field.
5
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
1
2
t (ns)
v
1
(
t
)
,

V
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
1
2
t (ns)
v
2
(
t
)
,

V
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
1
2
t (ns)
v
3
(
t
)
,

V
Propagation
delay
Electromagneti
c coupling
Substrate
modes
Why Electromagnetics?
As use of the electromagnetic frequency spectrum increases, the
demand for engineers who have practical working knowledge
in the area of electromagnetics continues to grow.
Electromagnetic engineers design high frequency or optoelectronic
circuits, antennas and waveguides; design electrical circuits that
will function properly in the presence of external interference
while not interfering with other equipment.
The electromagnetics technical specialty prepares future engineers
for employment in industry in the areas of radar, antennas, fiber
optics, high frequency circuits, electromagnetic compatibility
and microwave communication.
7
Lecture 2 Objectives
To provide an overview of classical
electromagnetics, Maxwells equations,
electromagnetic fields in materials, and
phasor concepts.
To begin our study of electrostatics with
Coulombs law; definition of electric field;
computation of electric field from discrete and
continuous charge distributions; and scalar
electric potential.
8
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields
Electromagnetics is the study of the effect
of charges at rest and charges in motion.
Some special cases of electromagnetics:
Electrostatics: charges at rest
Magnetostatics: charges in steady motion (DC)
Electromagnetic waves: waves excited by
charges in time-varying motion

D
f
V =
Coulomb-Gausss laws - free charges are
sinks/sources of D-fields
0 B V =
No sinks/sources of B-fields no
magnetic monopoles
/ E B t V = c c
Faradays law of
electromagnetic induction
/ H J D
c
t V = +c c
Ampres law with the addition
of displacement currents
11
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields
Maxwells
equations
Fundamental laws of
classical electromagnetics
Special
cases
Electro-
statics
Magneto-
statics
Electro-
magnetic
waves
Kirchoffs
Laws
Statics:
0
c
c
t
<< d
Geometric
Optics
Transmission
Line
Theory
Circuit
Theory
Input from
other
disciplines
12
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields
When an event in one place has an effect on
something at a different location, we talk
about the events as being connected by a
field.
A field is a spatial distribution of a quantity; in
general, it can be either scalar or vector in
nature.


13
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields
Electric and magnetic fields:
Are vector fields with three spatial components.
Vary as a function of position in 3D space as well
as time.
Are governed by partial differential equations
derived from Maxwells equations.
14
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields
A scalar is a quantity having only an
amplitude (and possibly phase).


A vector is a quantity having direction in
addition to amplitude (and possibly phase).



Examples: voltage, current, charge, energy, temperature
Examples: velocity, acceleration, force
15
Introduction to Electromagnetic
Fields
Fundamental vector field quantities in
electromagnetics:
Electric field intensity

Electric flux density (electric displacement)

Magnetic field intensity

Magnetic flux density
units = volts per meter (V/m = kg m/A/s
3
)
units = coulombs per square meter (C/m
2
= A s /m
2
)
units = amps per meter (A/m)
units = teslas = webers per square meter (T = Wb/ m
2
= kg/A/s
3
)
( ) E
( ) D
( ) H
( ) B
16
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields
Universal constants in electromagnetics:
Velocity of an electromagnetic wave (e.g., light)
in free space (perfect vacuum)

Permeability of free space

Permittivity of free space:

Intrinsic impedance of free space:
m/s 10 3
8
~ c
H/m 10 4
7
0

= t
F/m 10 854 . 8
12
0

~ c
O ~ t q 120
0
quantity formulation Complex unit For short
velocity dist/time m/s
acceleration velocity/time
m/s
2
= m/s/s = m/s
per s

force F=ma kgm/s
2
Newton (N)
work/energy W=Fd kgm
2
/s
2
Joule (J = Nm)
power energy/time kgm
2
/s
3
Watt (W = J/s)
frequency cycles/second 1/s Hertz (Hz)
pressure force/area kg/ms
2

Pascals (Pa =
N/m
2
)
quantity formulation units for short
charge I Coulombs C
current charge/time C/s Amps (A)
voltage V = IR V Volts (V)
resistance R = V/I volts/amp Ohms (O)
power
P = VI = I
2
R =
V
2
/R
volt-amps Watts (W = J/s)
electric field voltage/distance V/m
19
Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields
0
0
0
0 0
1
c

q
c
= = c
In free space:
H B
0
=
E D
0
c =
Relationships involving the universal
constants: