Scribd
Upload
91 views23 pages

Data Transmission

CASE1– Bandwidth=4MHz; data rate= 2Mbps CASE2– Bandwidth=8MHz; data rate= 4Mbps CASE3– Bandwidth=4MHz; data rate= 4Mbps The document discusses the relationship between data rate and bandwidth for digital signals. It provides three cases showing how bandwidth affects the achievable data rate. A higher bandwidth allows for a higher data rate. There is a direct relationship between these two concepts - the higher the data rate, the greater the required bandwidth.

Uploaded by

tierSarge
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
91 views23 pages

Data Transmission

CASE1– Bandwidth=4MHz; data rate= 2Mbps CASE2– Bandwidth=8MHz; data rate= 4Mbps CASE3– Bandwidth=4MHz; data rate= 4Mbps The document discusses the relationship between data rate and bandwidth for digital signals. It provides three cases showing how bandwidth affects the achievable data rate. A higher bandwidth allows for a higher data rate. There is a direct relationship between these two concepts - the higher the data rate, the greater the required bandwidth.

Uploaded by

tierSarge
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Data Rate and Bandwidth

Data Rate and Bandwidth


Effective bandwidth is the band within which most of the signal energy is confined The term "most" in this context is somewhat arbitrary. The important issue here is that, although a given waveform may contain frequencies over a very broad range, as a practical matter any transmission medium that is used will be able to accommodate only a limited band of frequencies. This, in turn, limits the data rate that can be carried on the transmission medium. To try to explain these relationships, consider the square wave

Data Rate and Bandwidth

Data Rate and Bandwidth


Suppose that we let a positive pulse represent binary 0 and a negative pulse represent binary 1. Then, the waveform represents the binary stream 1010. . . . The duration of each pulse is 1/2f1; thus, the data rate is 2f1 bits per second (bps). What are the frequency components of this signal? To answer this question, consider again Figure

Data Rate and Bandwidth


By adding together sine waves at frequencies f1 and 3f1, we get a waveform that resembles the square wave.

Data Rate and Bandwidth


Let us continue this process by adding a sine wave of frequency 5f1

Data Rate and Bandwidth


then adding a sine wave of frequency 7f1

Data Rate and Bandwidth


As we add additional odd multiples of f, suitably scaled, the resulting waveform approaches that of a square wave more and more closely. it can be shown that the frequency components of the square wave can be expressed as follows:

this waveform has an infinite number of frequency components and, hence, an infinite bandwidth. However, the amplitude of the kth frequency component,kf1, is only 1/k, so most of the energy in this waveform is in the first few frequency components.

Data Rate and Bandwidth


Suppose that we are using a digital transmission system that is capable of transmitting signals with a bandwidth of 4 MHz. Let us attempt to transmit a sequence of alternating 1s and 0s as the square wave

Data Rate and Bandwidth


What data rate can be achieved? We look at the three cases: Case 1:Let us approximate our square wave with the waveform Although this waveform is a "distorted" square wave, it is sufficiently close to the square wave that a receiver should be able to discriminate between a binary 0and a binary 1. Now, if we let fl = l06 cycles/second = 1 MHz, then the bandwidth of the signal

Data Rate and Bandwidth


is (5 X l06) - l06 = 4 MHz. Note that for fl = 1 MHz, period of the fundamental frequency is T = 1/ l06 = l0-6 = 1 s. Thus, if we treat this waveform as a bit string of 1s and Os, one bit occurs every 0.5 s, for a data rate of 2 X l06 = 2 Mbps. Thus, for a bandwidth of 4 MHz, a data rate of 2 Mbps is achieved.

Data Rate and Bandwidth


CASE 2: Now suppose that we have a bandwidth of 8 MHz

Data Rate and Bandwidth


fl = 2 MHz Using the same line of reasoning as before, the bandwidth of the signal is (5 x 2 x l06 ) - (2 x l06 ) = 8 MHz. But in this case T =1/ fl = 0.5 . As a result, one bit occurs every 0.25 sec for a data rate of 4 Mbps. Thus, other things being equal, by doubling the bandwidth, we double the potential data rate.

Data Rate and Bandwidth


Case3--

Data Rate and Bandwidth


Now, let fl = 2 MHz. Using the same line of reasoning as before, the bandwidth of the signal in Figure. (3 X 2 X l06 ) -(2 X l06 ) = 4 MHz. But, in this case, T = 1/ fl = 0.5 s. As a result, one bit occurs every 0.25 s, for a data rate of 4 Mbps. Thus, a given bandwidth can support various data rates depending on the requirements of the receiver.

SUMMARIZE
CASE1 Bandwidth=4MHz; data rate= 2Mbps CASE2 Bandwidth=8MHz; data rate= 4Mbps CASE3 Bandwidth=4MHz; data rate= 4Mbps

Effect of Bandwidth on a digital signal

Observation

Effect of bandwidth on digital signal


a digital bit stream with a data rate of 2000 bits per second. With a bandwidth of 1700 to 2500 Hz, the representation is quite good. Furthermore, we can generalize these results. If the data rate of the digital signal is W bps, then a very good representation can be achieved with a bandwidth of 2W Hz; however, unless noise is very severe, the bit pattern can be recovered with less bandwidth than this.

Effect of bandwidth on digital signal


there is a direct relationship between data rate and bandwidth: the higher the data rate of a signal, the greater is its effective bandwidth. Looked at the other way, the greater the bandwidth of a transmission system, the higher is the data rate that can be transmitted over that system.

Effect of bandwidth on digital signal


Another observation worth making is this: If we think of the bandwidth of a signal as being centered about some frequency, referred to as the center frequency, then the higher the center frequency, the higher the potential bandwidth Therefore the higher the potential data rate. Consider that if a signal is centered at 2 MHz, its maximum bandwidth is 4 MHz.

You might also like