Android Development Tutorial

Yi Huang

Contents

Whats Android Android architecture Android software development Hello World on Android More

Whats Android

Android Phones

Sony X10

HTC G1

Samsung i7500

HTC Hero

Motorola Cliq

HTC Magic

Motorola Droid
Samsung Moment

HTC Tattoo

Mobile Devices

Its obvious that mobile device may take the place of PC in future OS plays a vital part

Processor

Device

Embedded OS

Middleware

Apps

OHA and Android

OHA(Open Handset Alliance) is a group of 71 technology and mobile companies, including Google, Intel, Dell, HTC and China Mobile OHAs aim

accelerate innovation in mobile phones offer consumers a richer, less expensive, and better mobile experience

OHA developed Android, the first complete, open, and free mobile platform OHA was initially called up by Google, and Google is the captain
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Whats Android

Generally, Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications Android is based on JAVA and all its applications are developed in JAVA The JAVA VM, known as Dalvik, is highly customized and optimized for mobile devices The core of Android Android SDK offers rich tools for android application development and many useful APIs
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Android Features #1

Application framework enabling reuse and replacement of components Optimized Java virtual machine: Dalvik Optimized Graphics Processing, supporting 2D and 3D graphics(OpenGL ES 1.0 ) Integrated open source web browser: WebKit SQLite for structured data storage

Android Features #2

Multimedia capability, supporting varieties of audio, video and still image formats GSM Telephony Bluetooth, EDGE, 3G and Wi-Fi support Hardware dependent Camera, GPS, compass, accelerometer and other sensors support Rich development environment, including an emulator, debugging tools, memory probe tools, log tools and powerful eclipse plugins

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Android architecture

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Linux Kernel

Note that Android based on a Linux kernel not a Linux OS Supplies Security, Memory management, Process management, Network stack and Driver model Acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the rest of the software stack

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Libraries

Run in system background Using C/C++ Language 4 types of Libraries

Bionic Libc, system C libraries Function Libraries, supporting multimedia, web browser, SQLite... Native Servers Hardware Abstraction Libraries

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Core Libraries

System C library, the standard C system library, tuned for embedded Linux-based devices Media Libraries, support playback and recording of many popular audio and video formats, as well as image files, including MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, and PNG Surface Manager, manages access to the display subsystem and seamlessly composites 2D and 3D graphic layers from multiple applications WebKit, a modern web browser engine which powers both the Android browser and an embeddable web view SGL, the underlying 2D graphics engine 3D libraries, an implementation based on OpenGL ES 1.0 APIs FreeType , bitmap and vector font rendering SQLite , a powerful and lightweight relational database engine
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Andoid Runtime

The core of Android platform Dalvik Virtual Machine

Register-based Executes files in the Dalvik format

Executable (.dex)

Java core Libraries

Provides most of the functionality of the Java programming language.

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Android Runtime (cont.)

The functions of Java core libraries rely on the Dalvik VM and the underlying Linux kernel Multiple Dalvik VMs may run at the same time Every Android application runs in its own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine

The "dx" tool in Android SDK can transform compiled JAVA class into the .dex format

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Dalvik Virtual Machine

Android custom implementation virtual machine

Provides application portability and runtime consistency Runs optimized file format (.dex) and Dalvik bytecode Java .class / .jar files converted to .dex at build time

Designed for embedded environment

Supports multiple virtual machine processes per device Highly CPU-optimized bytecode interpreter Efficiently Using runtime memory
Core APIs for Java language provide a powerful, yet simple and familiar development platform

Core Libraries

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DVM vs. JVM

DVM

Google Dalvik executable Only supports a subset of standard Java Library

JVM

Sun Java bytecode

Some worries that Java world may be divided into different communities, each has its own Java standard

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Application Framework

Simplify the reuse of components

Applications can publish their capabilities and any other application may then make use of those capabilities
Views system, content providers, resources manager and so on

Applications is a set of services and systems, include

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Application Framework (cont.)

Activity Manager, manages the lifecycle of applications and provides a common navigation backstack Notification Manager, enables all applications to display custom alerts in the status bar Resource Manager, providing access to non-code resources such as localized strings, graphics, and layout files Content Providers, access data from other applications (such as Contacts), or to share their own data Views, used to build an application, including lists, grids, text boxes, buttons, and even an embeddable web browser
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Applications

A set of core applications shipped with Android platform

an email client, SMS program, calendar, maps, browser, contacts, and others

All written in Java Our applications are in the same level as these applications

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Android software development

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Development Environment

IDE Eclipse Eclipse plug-in - ADT Software Development Kit (SDK) Android Emulator Debugger

Setup Android SDK

Download Android SDK and extract the zip file to an arbitrary folder

http://androidappdocs.appspot.com/sdk/index.html E.g.: extract to C:\ The SDK will be used by ADT in eclipse

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Setup ADT plugin

Install Eclipse ADT plugin

Eclipse must be J2EE edition, 3.5 recommended Update site: https://dlssl.google.com/android/eclip se/ Install all the plugins in the repository Restart needed after installation

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Configure ADT Plugin

Open eclipse Window->Preferences, select Android Setup the SDK location as the folder where you extracted the downloaded SDK zip file

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Setup SDK APIs

Open Window->Android SDK and AVD Manager Click Available Packages and then choose proper APIs to install, the latest may be the best

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Setup Emulators

After SDK APIs installation, click Virtual Devices Click new, there will be a dialog

input a name choose a running target and a skin specify the SD card size

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Ready

Now you may start the AVD

Click start to start the new AVD First start-up may take a very long time

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Hello World on Android

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Create a new Android Project

Open File->New>Android project

Project name Build Target Application name Package name Create Activity

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Hello World Project

src: source folder gen: SDK generated file android 2.2: reference lib assets: binary resources res: resource files and resource description files AndroidManifest.xml: application description file default.properties: project properties file
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Say Hello World

modify HelloWorld.java

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Run Hello World

Select HelloWorld Project, Run->Run as->Android Application ADT will start a proper AVD and run HelloWorld app on it

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Behind HelloWorld #1

/* AUTO-GENERATED FILE. DO NOT MODIFY. * * This class was automatically generated by the * aapt tool from the resource data it found. It * should not be modified by hand. */ package sample.hello; public final class R { public static final class attr { } public static final class drawable { public static final int icon=0x7f020000; } public static final class layout { public static final int main=0x7f030000; } public static final class string { public static final int app_name=0x7f040001; public static final int hello=0x7f040000; } 36 }

R.java, generated by Android SDK, represents all the resources of the app. resources are all in res folder resources are pre-compiled into binary format

Behind HelloWorld #2

res/layout , contains layout declarations of the app, in XML format, UIs are built according to the layout file
Linear Layout

main.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <LinearLayout xmlns:android=http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android android:orientation="vertical" TextView, display android:layout_width="fill_parent" static text android:layout_height="fill_parent"> <TextView android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="@string/hello" /> </LinearLayout>

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A reference to String resource hello

Behind HelloWorld #3

res/values, contains string declarations or other values(e.g.:colors) of the app

string.xml, contains string resources

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <resources> <string name="hello">Hello World, HelloWorld!</string> <string name="app_name">HelloWorld</string> </resources> referenced in res/layout/mai n.xml
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referenced in AndroidManifest.xml

Behind HelloWorld #4

res/drawable, contains all image resources

folders may have suffixes, app will choose the most suitable one, so do the other resources three folders: drawable-ldpi, drawable-hdpi, drawable-mdpi, each contains an icon.png file app will choose the proper icon according to the device DPI reference name:@drawable/icon menu, anim (animation), xml ( preference and searchable)

other folders we may use in future

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Behind HelloWorld #5

AndroidManifest.xml describe the application

declare apps name, version, icon, permission, etc declare the application's components: activity, service ,receiver or provider

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" package="sample.hello" android:versionCode="1" android:versionName="1.0"> <application android:icon="@drawable/icon" android:label="@string/app_name"> <activity android:name=".HelloWorld" android:label="@string/app_name"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" /> <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER/> </intent-filter> </activity> </application> <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="8" /> </manifest> 40

Core Components-Activity #1

Basically, An activity presents a visual user interface for one focused endeavor the user can undertake An application might consist of just one activity or several, each Activity is derived from android.app.Activity and should be declared in AndroidManifest.xml file Each activity is given a default window to draw in, the window may be full screen or smaller and on top of other window The visual content of the window is provided by a hierarchy of views objects derived from the base View class Activity.setContentView() method is used to set a certain hierarchy of view objects
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Core Components-Activity #2

Activities are activated by asynchronous messages called intents

An intent is an Intent object that holds the content of the message The action being requested or the URI of the data to act on

The <intent-filter> label in AndroidManifest.xml file specifies the Intent that can start the Activity

declares the main activity, it will be started automatically when the app starts

An activity is launched (or given something new to do) by passing an Intent object to Context.startActivity() or Activity.startActivityForResult()

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Activity lifecycle

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Other Core Components

Service

A service doesn't have a visual user interface, runs in the background for a period of time a component that does nothing but receive and react to broadcast announcements A content provider makes a specific set of the application's data available to other applications. The data can be stored in the file system, in an SQLite database, or in any other manner that makes sense

Broadcast receivers

Content providers

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Beyond HelloWorld #1

Build up an app that you can input your greetings and display your greetings

Input: EditText Display: TextView Of course, we have to add an button

each has an android:id property, used to reference it in code

Edit res/layout/main.xml file to add these components

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Beyond HelloWorld #2

modify HelloWorld.java

firstly get the references declared in main.xml

then add event response for Button

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Beyond HelloWorld #3

Finished! Run->Run as->Android Application

Quite easy, isnt it?

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More

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Useful Materials
Android Official Site
http://www.android.com

Android SDK, Tutorial, Concepts and API docs

http://androidappdocs.appspot.com/index.html

Android Development Community

http://www.anddev.org/

30 Days Android Apps Development

http://bakhtiyor.com/category/30-days-of-android-apps/
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Thank U so much!

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