Topic 1 Power supply unit

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO)

CLO1. explain correctly the principles of electronic circuits by using block diagram or circuit diagram (C4 Analysis) CLO2. conduct the construction of electronic circuits application during practical works based on the theory and principle operation of the circuits. (P4 - Mechanics) CLO3. deliver an oral presentation to display good communication skills. (A2 Response to phenomena)

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this topic students should be able to:

1.1

Explain the operation of a DC power supply circuit

1.2

Explain applications of rectifiers

1.3 1.4

Explain applications of filter

Explain applications about voltage regulator

1.5

Explain applications about voltage divider

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Power Supply
All electronic circuits need a power source to work. For electronic circuits made up of transistors and/or ICs, this power source must be a DC voltage of a specific value. A battery is a common DC voltage source for some types of electronic equipment especially portables like cell phones and iPods. Most non-portable equipment uses power supplies that operate from the AC power line but produce one or more DC outputs.

Power supply unit

Power supply unit

The functions of power supply unit is to convert the signal form AC input power to DC power. A power supply unit built with five major parts: transformer, rectifier, filter, regulator and voltage divider.

Block diagram of dc power supply

Function of each block

Transformer Reduce the value of the input ac voltage. Rectifier A circuit that converts ac voltage to dc voltage Filter The main task of filter is to convert the voltage at pulse to the voltage rippled Regulator Voltage regulator circuit is used to reduced the difference to zero Voltage divider Circuit is needed in power supplies for electronic equipment requires.
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Output waveform from each block

Transformer
Built from two winding transformer primary and secondary loops. Network is to separate the secondary circuit of the ac supply lines high. This isolation can prevent a user from the secondary ac voltage electric shock high. Separation of the primary circuit is able to avoid the effects of damage received in the secondary winding circuit.
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Transformer
Transformer has a primary winding and secondary winding. The ratio of the number of turns in the primary to the secondary number of turns is the transformer turns ratio.

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Transformer

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Transformer

Voltage ratio is proportional to the voltage induced in the primary to the secondary winding turns.

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Transformer
When the number of secondary winding turns slightly compared to primary, lower secondary voltage from the voltage in the primary. Secondary voltage can be calculated.

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Transformer

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Function of Transformer

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Question

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Solution

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Diode
What is the function of diode?

2/12013

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Functions of diode
Switch Clipper Rectifier Clamp

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2.1 Understand the Characteristics of diode as a semiconductor

Schematic diagram and physical structure of a diode

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OPERATION DIODE DURING FORWARD & REVERSE BIASED

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APPLICATIONS OF DIODE
1. RECTIFIER
Rectifier is the circuit that used one or more diode to convert the AC voltage to the pulsating dc voltage

There is 3 type of rectifiers :i) Half wave rectifier ii) Full wave rectifier iii)Bridge rectifier

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Half-wave rectifier

Output Voltage Input Supply Voltage Half-wave rectifier

Operation During the positive circle of input supply, diode D is in forward biased and act as close switch. So the current can flow through it. , producing an output voltage as shown above. During the negative circle of the input supply, diode is reverse bias and act as open switch, so the current cant flow through diode. No voltage appears at output.
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How Rectifiers Work

The simplest form of rectifier is the half wave rectifier shown. Only the transformer, rectifier diode, and load (RL) are shown without the filter and other components. The half wave rectifier produces one sine pulse for each cycle of the input sine wave. When the sine wave goes positive, the anode of the diode goes positive causing the diode to be forward biased. The diode conducts and acts like a closed switch letting the positive pulse of the sine wave to appear across the load resistor.

How Rectifiers Work (continued)

When the sine wave goes negative, the diode anode will be negative so the diode will be reverse biased and no current will flow. No negative voltage will appear across the load. The load voltage will be zero during the time of the negative half cycle. See the waveforms that show the positive pulses across the load. These pulses need to be converted to a constant DC.

The output DC voltage of a half wave rectifier can be calculated with the following two ideal equations

rms root mean square

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Question
A half-wave rectifier circuit to the input voltage 20 Vp-p, 50 Hz. Assuming no voltage drop across the diode, calculate: i) the output signal voltage rectifier ii) the output signal frequency

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Solution
Vm = 20 Vp-p = 10 Vp then VK = 10 Vp
Output signal frequency = Frequency of the input signal

= 50 Hz

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Full-wave rectifier
V V

For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two diodes back-to-back (i.e. anodes-to-anode or cathode-to-cathode) can form a full-wave rectifier.. A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient.
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The average (av) and root-mean-square (rms) output voltages of an ideal single phase full wave rectifier can be calculated as:

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Full Wave Rectifier

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Input supply

Output voltage

Consider the first half-cycle, when the source voltage polarity is positive (+) on top and negative (-) on bottom. At this time, only the top diode is conducting; the bottom diode is blocking current, producing only positive half-cycle of the input supply appears at load as shown at the above figure

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During the next half-cycle, the AC polarity reverses. Now, the other diode (bottom) and the other half of the transformer's secondary winding carry current to the load resistor, producing the same polarity of voltage as before (Figure below)

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2.2 Know diode applications as rectifiers

Full-wave rectifier bridge rectifier

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During positive half-cycle

Load voltage

D1

D3 RL

D1 and D3 conduct, allowing the current flowing to the load, RL. Load voltage appears at load as shown at above figure.
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During negative half-cycle

D2
D4

Load Voltage

RL

D2 and D4 conduct, allowing the current flowing to the load, RL. Load voltage appears at load as shown at above figure.

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Question
A full-wave rectifier circuit to the input voltage 20 Vp-p 50 Hz. Used transformer has a turns ratio 2:1. Assuming no voltage drop across the diode, calculate: i) the output signal voltage rectifier ii) the output signal frequency

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Solution

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Bridge Rectifier
Another widely used rectifier is the bridge rectifier. It uses four diodes. This is called a full wave rectifier as it produces an output pulse for each half cycle of the input sine wave. On the positive half cycle of the input sine wave, diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased so act as closed switches appearing in series with the load. On the negative half cycle, diode D1 and D2 are reverse biased and diodes D3 and D4 are forward biased so current flows through the load in the same direction.

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6/1/2013

FILTER
The main task of the filter is to convert the voltage pulse to a.t. rippling. The best filter circuit is a filter that can reduce as much as possible the value of Vr pp dc voltage produced by rippling.

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How the Filter Works

A large capacitor is connected across the load resistor. This capacitor filters the pulses into a more constant DC. When the diode conducts, the capacitor charges up to the peak of the sine wave. Then when the sine voltage drops, the charge on the capacitor remains. Since the capacitor is large it forms a long time constant with the load resistor. The capacitor slowly discharges into the load maintaining a more constant output. The next positive pulse comes along recharging the capacitor and the process continues.

Ripple
The capacitor does a good job of smoothing the pulses from the rectifier into a more constant DC. A small variation occurs in the DC because the capacitor discharges a small amount between the positive and negative pulses. Then it recharges. This variation is called ripple. The ripple can be reduced further by making the capacitor larger. The ripple appears to be a sawtooth shaped AC variation riding on the DC output. A small amount of ripple can be tolerated in some circuits but the lower the better overall.

Ripple voltage
The output of rectifier circuit is the pulsating DC voltage .The resulting pulsating dc signal smooth the output voltage, we used filter circuit. Figure below shows the output wave before and after the filter circuit.

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Ripple voltage

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Types of filter
There are 4 main types of filter: i)Filter capacitor i) Resistor capacitor (RC filter) ii) Inductance capacitor (LC filter) iii) type filter

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RC filter diagram

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RC filter
Is an electric circuit composed of resistors and capacitors driven by voltage or current source

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Operation of RC filter
When a circuit consists of only a charge capacitor and a resistor. The capacitor will discharge its stored energy through the resistor. The voltage across the capacitor can be found by kirchoffs current law. Where the current through the capacitor must equal the current through the resistor.
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LC filter

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LC filter
LC filter can also called resonant circuit. The purpose of LC is to oscillate with minimal damping. When connected together, they can act as an electrical resonator, an electrical analogue of a tuning fork, storing electrical energy oscillating at the circuit's resonant frequency.
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Operation of LC filter
A capacitor stores energy in the electric field between its plates, depending on the voltage across it, and an inductor stores energy in its magnetic field, depending on the current through it.

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Operation of LC filter
If a charged capacitor is connected across an inductor, charge will start to flow through the inductor, building up a magnetic field around it and reducing the voltage on the capacitor. Eventually all the charge on the capacitor will be gone and the voltage across it will reach zero. However, the current will continue, because inductors resist changes in current. 55

 filter

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 filter
Combination C and LC filter PI-TYPE FILTERS use both capacitive and inductive filters connected in a pi-type configuration. Because of the combination of filtering devices, the ability of the pi filter to remove ripple voltage is superior to that of either the capacitance or inductance filter
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The Regulator
Most regulators are ICs . These are feedback control circuits that actually monitor the output voltage to detect variations. If the output varies, for whatever reason, the regulator circuit automatically adjusts the output back to the set value. Regulators hold the output to the desired value. Since ripple represents changes in the output, the regulator also compensates for these variations producing a near constant DC output.

IC Regulator
The 78xx (also sometimes known as LM78xx) series of devices is a family of self-contained fixed linear voltage regulator IC. The 78xx family is a very popular choice for many electronic circuits which require a regulated power supply, due to: i. easy of use and ii. Low cost.

Voltage regulator circuit

The power supply means the output changes when the input supply or the load resistance also changes. The main purpose of voltage regulator is to decrease the changes to zero(0) or at least to the minima value.

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Voltage regulator circuit

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Voltage regulator circuit

There are three (3) voltage regulator circuit normally used : a. Zener diode voltage regulator b. Series transistor voltage regulator c. Integrated circuits voltage regulator
(LM7805)

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Zener diode voltage regulator

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Operation
Zener diode will functions as voltage regulator when reversed biased.Zener diode has their own advantages, can be regulate their voltage when it is operate at the zener region. To operate, the input voltage must higher than zener voltage and the load resistance not effect the zener diode is zero.
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Series transistor voltage regulator

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Operation
Connect the transistor serial with load and it will control the input voltage value to output.If the output voltage decreases ,the increases VBE will cause the transistor to produce more current value will make the output voltage increases and make the output voltage constant.

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Operation
Zener diode as a refer voltage .It is same process if the output voltage increases. Transistor will decrease the current value , cause the output voltage decrease and the output voltage become constant.

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Integrated circuits voltage regulator (LM7805)

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Operation
The serial LM 78XX(where XX= 05,06,08,10,12,15,18 or 24).It is 3 terminal voltage regulator .IC LM 7805 will produce the output voltage +5V .LM 7806 will produce the 6V output voltage. LM 7824 will produce +24V output voltage.

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Voltage divider circuit

In electronic devices system, especially big or complicated .It is contains several circuit level, sometime use DC voltage which are different value. For example TV system have more than 10 circuit level ,different function and some of the need DC voltage,100V,48V,12V and so on.

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Voltage divider circuit

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POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

Figure below shows a power supply complete circuit.From left to right,we found the center tap transformer will decrease the AC supply voltage .Then full rectifier waveform change AC voltage to DC voltage. filter are used to straighten pulse at the voltage and it will stabilize by zener diode voltage divider.
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POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

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Example
Based on figure below, name and explain briefly circuit in part A dan part B, If part A is changed to Bridge Rectifier, re-draw the complete circuit for power supply unit.

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Example

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Solution

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Solution
The operation : When ac voltage supply to the circuit, M and N at the secondary transformer will become +ve and ve(exchange).When the circle of input voltage in terminal become +ve ,G become a potential (ground) and N become ve .D1 diode will forward biased while D2 will reverse biased. Current will flow along M, D1, C, A, B, G.A +ve cycle wave will produce at the RL load. When the ve cycle ,input
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Solution
voltage supply ,M terminal become ve ,G will zero potential(grounded) and N become +ve.D2 diode will forward biased while D1 will reverse biased. Current will flow along N, D2, C, A, B, G. Current flow through RL during the +ve cycle is similar when ve cycle, we will got the similar shape of wave too.
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Solution
The direction of current flow through RL during +ve cycle = the direction of current flow through RL when ve cycle. When we connect the oscilloscope across RL, we will know the shape of the output voltage is similar

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Solution
Part B Zener Diode Voltage Regulator The operation; Zener diode will functions as voltage regulator when reversed biased.Zener diode has their own advantages, can be regulate their voltage when it is operate at the zener region. To operate, the input voltage must higher than zener voltage and the load resistance not effect the zener diode is zero
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Solution

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THE END

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