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4 Network Layer

This document discusses various topics related to network layer addressing in computer networks, including: - IPv4 addresses which are 32-bit and written in dotted-decimal notation. - Classful addressing which divides the IPv4 address space into classes A, B, and C with different network and host portions. This causes issues with inefficient address allocation. - Subnetting allows an organization to further divide their allocated classful network block into smaller subnets. - Supernetting combines multiple class C network blocks into a larger "supernetwork" to more efficiently allocate addresses.

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Tutun Juhana
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88 views46 pages

4 Network Layer

This document discusses various topics related to network layer addressing in computer networks, including: - IPv4 addresses which are 32-bit and written in dotted-decimal notation. - Classful addressing which divides the IPv4 address space into classes A, B, and C with different network and host portions. This causes issues with inefficient address allocation. - Subnetting allows an organization to further divide their allocated classful network block into smaller subnets. - Supernetting combines multiple class C network blocks into a larger "supernetwork" to more efficiently allocate addresses.

Uploaded by

Tutun Juhana
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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4

Tutun Juhana
Telecommunication Engineering
School of Electrical Engineering & Informatics Institut Teknologi Bandung

Network Layer
Computer Networks

INTRODUCTION

Other Network Layer Issues


Error Control Flow Control Congestion control Quality of Service Routing Security

IPV4 ADDRESSES

The IPv4 addresses are unique and universal An IPv4 address is 32 bits long
The address space of IPv4 is 232 or 4.294.967.296

Notation: Dotted-Decimal Notation (Base 256)

Range of Address
To find the number of addresses in a range if the first and last address is given we can perform subtraction or addition Example #1
Find the number of addresses in a range if the first address is 146.102.29.0 and the last address is 146.102.32.255 Ans: 146.102.32.255 - 146.102.29.0 = 0.0.3.255 Number of addresses= (0 2563+ 0 2562+ 32561+ 255 2560)+ 1= 1024

Example #2
The first address in a range of addresses is 14.11.45.96. If the number of addresses in the range is 32, what is the last address? Ans: Convert the number of addresses minus 1 to base 256 0.0.0.31 We then add it (in base 256) to the first address to get the last address
Last address = (14.11.45.96 + 0.0.0.31)256 = 14.11.45.127

CLASSFUL ADDRESSING

Recognizing Classes

Classes and Blocks


In classful addressing , each class is divided into a fixed number of blocks (each block having a fixed size) can be a problem

Two-Level Addressing
The range of addresses allocated to an organization in classful addressing was a block of addresses in Class A, B, or C Since all addresses in a network belonged to a single block, each address in classful addressing contains two parts: netid and hostid
The netid defines the network The hostid defines a particular host connected to that network

Extracting Information in a Block


A block is a range of addresses Given any address in the block, we normally like to know :
1. The number of addresses 2. The first address 3. The last address

To extract the above information, we need to know the class of the address we will know the value of n (the length of netid in bits)

Example #3
An address in a block is given as 73.22.17.25. Find the number of ddresses in the block, the first address, and the last address

N = 232 n = 224 = 16,777,216


not assigned to any host

Network Address
The first address in a block is network address important because it is used in routing a packet to its destination network

Network Mask
Routers in the Internet need to know the network mask to extract the network address from the destination address of a packet A network mask (default mask in classful addressing) is a 32-bit number with n leftmost bits all set to 1s and (32 n) rightmost bits all set to 0s

Example #4
A router receives a packet with the destination address 201.24.67.32. Show how the router finds the network address of the packet

Something Wrong here

Three-Level Addressing: Subnetting


We need more than two hierarchical levels for two reasons
1. An organization that was granted a block in class A or B needed to divide its large network into several subnetworks for better security and management Since the blocks in class A and B were almost depleted and the blocks in class C were smaller than the needs of most organizations, an organization that has been granted a block in class A or B could divide the block into smaller subblocks and share them with other organizations

2.

The idea of splitting a block to smaller blocks is referred to as subnetting In subnetting, a network is divided into several smaller subnetworks (subnets) with each subnetwork having its own subnetwork address

Example #5
Before subnetting

Length of netid

After subnetting

Length of subnetid

Subnet Mask
The network mask is used when a network is not subnetted When we divide a network to several subnetworks, we need to create a subnetwork mask (or subnet mask) for each subnetwork A subnetwork has subnetid and hostid

Subnetting increases the length of the netid and decreases the length of hostid

When we divide a network to s number of subnetworks (each of equal numbers of hosts) we can calculate the subnetid for each subnetwork as

n is the length of netid nsub is the length of each subnetid s is the number of subnets (must be a power of 2)

Example #6
In Example #5, we divided a class B network into four subnetworks. The value of n = 16 and the value of n1= n2= n3= n4= 16 + log24 = 18 The subnet mask has eighteen 1s and fourteen 0s 255.255.192.0 (different from the network mask for class B (255.255.0.0))

Subnet Address
When a network is subnetted, the first address in the subnet is the identifier of the subnet and is used by the router to route the packets destined for that subnetwork

Example #7
In Example #5, we show that a network is divided into four subnets. Since one of the addresses in subnet 2 is 141.14.120.77, we can find the subnet address as

Supernetting
In supernetting, an organization can combine several class C blocks to create a larger range of addresses (several networks are combined to create a supernetwork)
By doing this, an organization can apply for several class C blocks instead of just one For example, an organization that needs 1000 addresses can be granted four class C blocks.

Supernet Mask
A supernet mask is the reverse of a subnet mask A supernet mask for class C has less 1s than the default mask for this class.

In supernetting, the number of class C addresses that can be combined to make a supernet needs to be a power of 2 The length of the supernetid can be found using the formula

nsuper defines the length of the supernetid in bits c defines the number of class C blocks that are combined

Problems
1. The number of blocks to combine needs to be a power of 2
An organization that needed seven blocks should be granted at least eight blocks (address wasting)

2. Supernetting and subnetting complicated the routing of packets in the Internet.

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