VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS:

STATICS
CHAPTER
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2
Statics of Particles
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Topic Outcomes
Determine and calculate the effects of forces on particles in
single plane (2D) and in space (3D)
Draw/Sketch a free body diagram of 2D and 3D problems
involving forces acting on particle
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Contents
Forces in a Plane
Resultant of Two Forces
Vectors and Addition of Vectors
Resultant of Several Concurrent Forces
Resolution of a force into components
Rectangular components of a force and summation
Rectangular Components in Space
Forces in Space
Rectangular Components of Force in Space

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We are going to study the effect of forces on
particles:
replace two or more forces acting on a particles
with single resultant force.
a state of equilibrium of forces acting on a particle.
the study of force on a single plane and in space.
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Resultant of Two Forces
Force: action of one body on
another; characterized by its
magnitude and direction.
The combined effect of two forces
may be represented by a single
resultant force.
The method for finding the resultant
is known as the parallelogram law
for the addition of two forces.
Force is a vector quantity.
Force does not obey the rules of
addition!!
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Vectors and Addition of Vectors
( ) 0 = + P P
Vector: parameters with magnitude and
direction. Add according to the parallelogram
law. Can be written as
Equal vectors: same magnitude and
direction.
Negative vector: same magnitude and the
opposite direction.
Scalar: parameters with magnitude but not
direction.
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
|
.
|

\
|

P or P
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Vectors and Addition of Vectors
Q P R + =
Sum of two vectors P and Q
by parallelogram law,
Triangle rule for vector addition
B
B
C
C
Vector subtraction
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
Vector addition is commutative,
P Q Q P + = +
( ) Q P Q P + =
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The magnitude and direction of the resultant R of two forces P
and Q can be determined either graphically (parallelogram
law) or by trigonometry (triangle rule).

By trigonometry (triangle rule):

B PQ Q P R cos 2
2 2 2
+ =
Law of cosines,
Law of sines,
A
C
R
B
Q
A sin sin sin
= =
Vectors and Addition of Vectors
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
B
B
C
C
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Vectors and Addition of Vectors
Addition of three or more vectors
through repeated application of the
triangle rule
Vector addition is associative,
( ) ( ) S Q P S Q P S Q P + + = + + = + +
Multiplication of a vector by a scalar
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
Concurrent forces: set of forces
which all pass through the same
point.


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Activity 1: Drawing your triangle

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Activity 2: Drawing your triangle

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Sample Problem 2.1
The two forces act on a
bolt at A. Determine
their resultant.
SOLUTION:
Graphical solution - construct a
parallelogram with sides in the
same direction as P and Q and
lengths in proportion.
Graphically evaluate the
resultant which is equivalent in
direction and proportional in
magnitude to the the diagonal.
Trigonometric solution - use the
triangle rule for vector addition
in conjunction with the law of
cosines and law of sines to find
the resultant.

Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Sample Problem 2.1
Graphical solution - A parallelogram
with sides equal to P and Q is drawn
to scale. The magnitude and
direction of the resultant or of the
diagonal to the parallelogram are
measured,
= = 35 N 98 o R
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Sample Problem 2.1
Trigonometric solution - Apply the
triangle rule.
From the Law of Cosines,
( ) ( ) ( )( ) + =
+ =
155 cos N 60 N 40 2 N 60 N 40
cos 2
2 2
2 2 2
B PQ Q P R
A
A
R
Q
B A
R
B
Q
A
+ =
=
=
=
=
20
04 . 15
N 73 . 97
N 60
155 sin
sin sin
sin sin
o
N 73 . 97 = R
From the Law of Sines,
= 04 . 35 o
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Sample Problem 2.2
a) the tension in each of the
ropes for = 45
o
,
b) the value of for which the
tension in rope 2 is
minimum.
A barge is pulled by two
tugboats. If the resultant
of the forces exerted by
the tugboats is 5000 N
directed along the axis of
the barge, determine
The angle for minimum tension in
rope 2 is determined by applying
the Triangle Rule and observing the
effect of variations in .
SOLUTION
Find a trigonometric solution by
applying the Triangle Rule for
vector addition. With the
magnitude and direction of the
resultant known and the directions
of the other two sides parallel to
the ropes given, apply the Law of
Sines to find the rope tensions.
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Sample Problem 2.2
Graphical solution - Parallelogram
Rule with known resultant
direction and magnitude, known
directions for sides.
N 2600 N 3700
2 1
= = T T
Trigonometric solution - Triangle
Rule with Law of Sines

=
105 sin
N 5000
30 sin 45 sin
2 1
T T
N 2590 N 3660
2 1
= = T T
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Sample Problem 2.2
The angle for minimum tension in
rope 2 is determined by applying
the Triangle Rule and observing the
effect of variations in o.
The minimum tension in rope 2
occurs when T
1
and T
2
are
perpendicular.
( ) = 30 sin N 5000
2
T N 2500
2
= T
( ) = 60 sin N 5000
1
T N 4330
1
= T
= 30 90 o = 60 o
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Question 1:
Two forces are applied as shown to a hook support.
Using trigonometry and knowing that the
magnitude of P is 60 N, determine
a) The required angle if the resultant R of the two
forces applied to the support is to be horizontal
b) The corresponding magnitude of R
90N
DO IT YOURSELF
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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DO IT YOURSELF
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Conversely, a single force F may be
replaced by two or more forces
components which have the same
effect on particle.
Vector force components: Two or
more force vectors which, together,
have the same effect as a single force
vector.
Applicable only if;
One of the two components is
known
Line of the action of each
components is known

Resolution of a Force into Components
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Rectangular Components of a Force and Summation
Vector components may be expressed as
products of the unit vectors with the scalar
components of the vector components.


F
x
and F
y
are referred to as the scalar
components of F
j i
y x
F F + = F
May resolve a force vector into
perpendicular components so that the
resulting parallelogram is a rectangle.
are referred to as rectangular
vector components and
y x
F F F + =
y x
F F and
Define perpendicular unit vectors
which are parallel to the x and y axes.
j i and
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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u =
u =
sin
cos
F F
F F
y
x
We may expressed the scalar
components of F , F
x
and F
y
as follows
Rectangular Components of a Force and Summation
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
x
y
F
F
= u tan
Conversely, we may calculate the
angle from its rectangular
components F
x
and F
y
as follows
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Rectangular Components of a Force and Summation
Wish to find the resultant of 3 or more
concurrent forces,
( ) ( )j i
j i j i j i j i
y y y x x x
y x y x y x y x
S Q P S Q P
S S Q Q P P R R
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + = +
Resolve each force into rectangular
components

=
+ + =
x
x x x x
F
S Q P R
Scalar components of the resultant:
The sum of the scalar components of
the given forces.

=
+ + =
y
y y y y
F
S Q P R
x
y
y x
R
R
R R R
1 2 2
tan

= + = u
The resultant magnitude and direction,
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Activity 3: Resolving each force

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Sample Problem 2.3
Four forces act on bolt A as
shown. Determine the
resultant of the force on the
bolt.
SOLUTION:
Resolve each force into
rectangular components.
Calculate the magnitude and
direction of the resultant.
Determine the components of
the resultant by adding the
corresponding force
components.
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Sample Problem 2.3
SOLUTION:
Resolve each force into rectangular
components.
9 . 25 6 . 96 100
0 . 110 0 110
2 . 75 4 . 27 80
0 . 75 9 . 129 150
4
3
2
1
+

+
+ +

F
F
F
F
comp y comp x mag force

2 2
3 . 14 1 . 199 + = R
N 6 . 199 = R
Calculate the magnitude and
direction.
N 1 . 199
N 3 . 14
tan = o
= 1 . 4 o
Determine the components of the
resultant by adding the
corresponding force components.
1 . 199 + =
x
R 3 . 14 + =
y
R
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Equilibrium of a Particle
When the resultant of all forces acting on a particle is
zero, the particle is in equilibrium.
Particle acted upon by
two forces:
- equal magnitude
- same line of action
- opposite sense
0 0
0
= =
= =


y x
F F
F R
Newtons First Law: If the resultant force on a particle is zero,
the particle will remain at rest or will continue at constant speed
in a straight line.
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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( ) ( )
0 200 100 300
30 sin 400 30 sin 200 300
= =
=

N N N F
N N N F
x
x

( ) ( )
0 4 . 346 2 . 173 2 . 173
30 cos 400 30 cos 200 2 . 173
= + =
+ =

N N N F
N N N F
y
y

Equilibrium of a Particle
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
0 0
0 F R
= =
= =


y x
F F
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Equilibrium of a Particle: Free-Body Diagrams
Space Diagram: A sketch
showing the physical
conditions of the problem.
Free-Body Diagram: A sketch
showing only the forces on the
selected particle.
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Activity 4: Constructing your free-body diagram

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Sample Problem 2.4
In a ship-unloading operation,
a 3500-N automobile is
supported by a cable. A rope
is tied to the cable and pulled
to center the automobile over
its intended position. What is
the tension in the rope?
SOLUTION:
Construct a free-body diagram
for the particle at the junction of
the rope and cable.
Apply the conditions for
equilibrium by creating a closed
polygon from the forces applied
to the particle.
Apply trigonometric relations to
determine the unknown force
magnitudes.
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Sample Problem 2.4
SOLUTION:
Construct a free-body diagram
for the particle at A.
Apply the conditions for
equilibrium.
Solve for the unknown force
magnitudes.

=
58 sin
N 3500
2 sin 120 sin
AC AB
T T
N 3570 =
AB
T
N 144 =
AC
T
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Sample Problem 2.6
It is desired to determine the drag force at a given
speed on a prototype sailboat hull. A model is
placed in a test channel and three cables are used
to align its bow on the channel centerline. For a
given speed, the tension is 40 N in cable AB and 60
N in cable AE.
Determine the drag force exerted on the hull and
the tension in cable AC.
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Sample Problem 2.6
SOLUTION:
Choosing the hull as the free
body, draw a free-body diagram.
=
= =
25 . 60
75 . 1
m 4
m 7
tan
o
o
=
= =
56 . 20
375 . 0
m 4
m 1.5
tan
|
|
Express the condition for
equilibrium for the hull by writing
that the sum of all forces must
be zero.
0 F T T T R
D AE AC AB
= + + + =
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Sample Problem 2.6
Resolve the vector equilibrium
equation into two component
equations. Solve for the two unknown
cable tensions.
( ) ( )
( )
( )
j T
i F T
R
AC
D AC




60 9363 . 0 84 . 19
3512 . 0 73 . 34
0
+ +
+ + =
=
T
T
( ) ( )
( )
i F F
i T
j T i T
j T i T
j i
j i
D D
AC AC
AC AC AC
AB





N 0 6
9363 . 0 3512 . 0
56 . 20 cos 56 . 20 sin
N 84 . 19 N 73 . 34
26 . 60 cos N 40 26 . 60 sin N 40
=
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Sample Problem 2.6
( )
( ) j T
i F T
R
AC
D AC

60 9363 . 0 84 . 19
3512 . 0 73 . 34
0
+ +
+ + =
=
This equation is satisfied only if each
component of the resultant is equal to
zero
( )
( ) 60 9363 . 0 84 . 19 0 0
3512 . 0 73 . 34 0 0
+ = =
+ + = =

AC y
D AC x
T F
F T F
N 66 . 19
N 9 . 42
+ =
+ =
D
AC
F
T
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Question 2
Determine
a) the required value of if the resultant of the three
forces shown is to be vertical
b) The corresponding magnitude of the resultant
710N
270N
620N
DO IT YOURSELF
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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DO IT YOURSELF
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Question 3

Two forces P and Q are applied as shown to an aircraft
connection. Knowing that the connection is in equilibrium and
that P= 1.8 kN and Q= 2.3 kN, determine the magnitudes of the
forces exerted on the rods A and B
DO IT YOURSELF
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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DO IT YOURSELF
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
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Rectangular Components in Space
The vector is
contained in the
plane OBAC.
F
Resolve into
horizontal and
vertical components
F
y
and F
h
.
y h
F F u sin =
F
y y
F F u cos =
Resolve into
rectangular
components, F
z
& F
y
h
F

sin sin
sin
cos sin
cos
y
h z
y
h x
F
F F
F
F F
=
=
=
=
Statics of Particles: Forces in space
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2 2 2
x y x
F F F F + + =
y y
F F u = cos
x x
F F u = cos
Triangle OAB Triangle OAD
Rectangular Components in Space
Statics of Particles: Forces in space
More easily visualized in a box
Triangle OAE
z z
F F u = cos
k
x
F + + = j i F
y x
F F
Scalar component,
Introducing the unit vectors,
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Rectangular Components in Space
( )
( )
z z y y x x
z y x
z y x
x

F

F
F
u = u = u =
=
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
cos cos cos
cos cos cos
cos cos cos
F
k j i
k j i F
j i F k
y x
F F
F
F
z
z
= u cos
F
F
x
x
= u cos
Statics of Particles: Forces in space
F
F
y
y
= u cos
1 cos cos cos
2 2 2
= u + u + u
z y x
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Rectangular Components in Space
d
Fd
F
x
x
=
d
Fd
F
y
y
=
Direction of the force is
defined by the location of
two points,
( ) ( )
2 2 2 1 1 1
, , and , , z y x N z y x M
( ) k j i
F
k j i
d
z y x
z y x
z y x
d d d
d
F
z z d y y d x x d
d d d
N M
+ + =
=
= = =
+ + =
=
1
and joining vector
1 2 1 2 1 2
Statics of Particles: Forces in space
d
Fd
F
z
z
=
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Sample Problem 2.7
The tension in the guy wire is
2500 N. Determine:
a) components F
x
, F
y
, F
z
of the
force acting on the bolt at A,
b) the angles q
x
, q
y
, q
z
defining
the direction of the force
SOLUTION:
Based on the relative locations
of the points A and B,
determine the unit vector
pointing from A towards B.
Apply the unit vector to
determine the components of
the force acting on A.
Noting that the components of
the unit vector are the direction
cosines for the vector, calculate
the corresponding angles.
Statics of Particles: Forces in space
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Sample Problem 2.7
SOLUTION:
Determine the unit vector pointing
from A towards B.
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
m 3 . 94
m 30 m 80 m 40
m 30 m 80 m 40
2 2 2
=
+ + =
+ + =
AB
k j i AB
Determine the components of the
force.
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )k j i
k i
F
N 795 N 2120 N 1060
318 . 0 j 848 . 0 424 . 0 N 2500
+ + =
+ + =
= F
k j i
k j i
318 . 0 848 . 0 424 . 0
3 . 94
30
3 . 94
80
3 . 94
40
+ + =
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

=
Statics of Particles: Forces in space
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Sample Problem 2.7
Noting that the components of the unit
vector are the direction cosines for the
vector, calculate the corresponding
angles.
k j i
k j i
318 . 0 848 . 0 424 . 0
cos cos cos
+ + =
u + u + u =
z y x

5 . 71
0 . 32
1 . 115
=
=
=
z
y
x
u
u
u
Statics of Particles: Forces in space
2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Question 4
A horizontal circular plate is suspended as shown from
three wires which are attached to a support at D and form
30 angles with the vertical. Knowing that the x
component of the force exerted by wire AD on the plate is
220.6 N, determine
a) The tension in wire AD
b) The angles
x
,
y
and
z
that the force exerted at A forms
with the coordinate axes.
DO IT YOURSELF
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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DO IT YOURSELF
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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END OF CHAPTER 2

THANK YOU
Statics of Particles: Forces in a plane
2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Triangle rule
The vectors to be added are arranged in a tail-to-
head fashion.
The resultant vector is drawn from the tail of the
first vector to the head of the last vector.
Q
P
R
P + Q = R
Q
-Q
P
R
P - Q = R
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