Lift and Drag Review and Renew - Correlations of 50 Years of NACA and NASA Test Data On The Effects of Wing Planform and Thickness

Induced drag transition ~ Prandtl-Jones to Polhamus
Lift and Drag Review and Renew 2

K dcD/dc ; t ( NACA K-KPJ )/ /( KPo-K Correlating 50LYears of NASA Test PJ ) Data for the Effects of Wing Planform and Thickness
J. Philip Barnes
21 April 2013 Update
Pelican Aero Group
1.2
1.0
0.8
Polhamus cD a c L c dcD/dcL2 1/(dcL/da)

T
a cN
0.6
vo a u cT cF
0.4
0.2
0.0
Lift and Drag Review and Renew - Correlations of 50 Years of NACA and NASA Test Data on the Effects of Wing Planform and Thickness www.HowFliesTheAlbatross.com J. Philip Barnes April 2013
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Aero Group
Presentation Purpose and Contents

Review & renew: wing / body lift & induced drag
Aspect ratio, sweep, & thickness Subsonic, linear range (moderate incidence)
Elliptical wing and Prandtl's formula for lift ~ 1918

Helmbold's enhancement for low aspect ratio ~ 1942 Diederich's enhancement for sweep ~ 1951 Polhamus' enhancement for sweep ~ 1957
Prandtl-Jones:
"thick" wing or body induced-drag ~ 1918/1946
The thin-wing induced-drag surprise ~ 1950 Polhamus: "thin" wing or body induced drag ~ 1950 Transition, Prandtl-Jones to Polhamus ~ 2012
New: Synergy of airfoil & wing data thereof
Summary and sample application of new method

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Aero Group
Configurations studied ~ Data and theory references

www.NTRS.NASA.gov www.AERADE.Cranfield.ac.uk www.Google.com
114 configurations, thickness: 02 - 20%

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Wing geometry and aerodynamic terms

S plan area b span c chord r tip chord / root chord t streamwise thickness t/c thickness ratio A aspect ratio = b2/S = b/cav a angle of attack cL lift coefficient h lift slope / (2p) cDv vortex drag coefficient Lo leading-edge sweep Lc/2 mid-chord sweep Lc/4 quarter-chord sweep
Lo
Sweep conversion (given quarter-chord sweep) tanLn = tanLc/4 + (4/A) (n-) (r-1) / (r+1)
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Prandtl and Jones Theories
Ludwig Prandtl
Robert T. Jones
Prandtl Lift slope (any-A, low-L) dcL/da 2pA/(A+2) Induced drag: cDv cL2/(pA)
Jones Lift slope (low-A, any-L) dcL/da = p A/2 Induced drag: cDv = cL2/(pA)
Prandtl-Jones Induced drag: cDv cL2/(pA) But what about thickness?

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Aero Group
Lift slope data and validation of theory

Normalized Lift-slope ~ Test Data Vs. Theory
1.0 0.9
(dcL /da) / 2ph

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
to 15 -10 TO 27 to 34 38 to 46 59 to 60
Loc/2
0.1
Aspect Ratio, A
0.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
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Helmbold-Diederich ~ Low-speed lift slope of any wing

Helmbold-Diederich Low-speed Lift-slope Condensation (NACA TN 2335)
1.0 0.9
0.8
Equivalent Lift Slope, dcL /da 2ph cosL c/2 Loc/2
0.7 0.6
0.5
-10 to 15 22 to 34 38 to 46 59 to 60 Theory
0.4 0.3
0.2
F A /(h cos L c / 2 ) dcL / da F 2ph cos L c / 2 2 F 2 4

Equivalent Aspect Ratio, A / (h cosL c/2)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
0.1 0.0
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Helmbold-Polhamus ~ Low-speed lift slope of any wing

Helmbold-Polhamus Low-speed Lift-slope Condensation (NACA TN 3911)
1.2
1.1
1.0 0.9
0.8
Loc/2
-10 to 15 27 to 34 38 to 46 59 to 60 Theo (eta=0.95)
0.7
0.6
0.5 0.4
0.3
Equivalent Lift Slope, dcL /da Ap /2
0.2
0.1
dcL / da 4h A(p / 2) 2h ( A / cos L c / 2 ) 2 4h 2

Equivalent Aspect Ratio, A / cosL c/2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
0.0
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Test data ~ Delta wing-body lift ~ effect of thickness

Delta-wing-body Lift (A=2) ~ Effect of Thickness NACA RM A50K20, A50K21, A51K28
5% 3% 8%
0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
Lift Coefficient,
cL
0.08 0.05 0.03
Minor effect of thickness on lift

0.1 Angle of attack, a o 0.0
10
12
14
16
18
20
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Aero Group
10
The Thin-wing Induced-drag Surprise ~ Circa 1950

Delta wing-body linearized dragof polar Delta-wing-body Induced Drag (A=2) ~ Effect Thickness A=2, M 0.25, NACA RM A50K20, A51K28 A50K21, A51K28 NACA RM A50K20, A50K21,
3%
0.15
Induced drag coefficient, cDv Induced Drag Coefficient, cD
0.20
5% 8%
0.10
0.05
Square of Lift Coefficient ~ cL2 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60
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The Thin-wing Induced-drag Surprise ~ Circa 1950

Rectangular wing linearized dragof polar Rectangular Wing Induced Drag (A=4) ~ Effect Thickness A=4, Effect NACA of thickness, TN 3501NACA TN 3501
4%
Induced Drag Coefficient, cD
0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04
6%
0.03
0.02 0.01
10%
Square of Lift Coefficient ~ cL2 0.00
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
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Induced drag transition ~ Prandtl-Jones to Polhamus
Induced-drag K Transition dcD/dcL2 ; ~ t Prandtl-Jones ( K-KPJ ) /( KPo-KPJ to ) Polhamus

1.2
t
1.0
t [dcD/dcL2 - 1/(pA)] / [1/(dcL/da) - 1/(pA)]

Polhamus cD a cL dcD/dcL2 1/(dcL/da)
0.8
0.6
Preliminary Empirical Correlation
0.4
t = e-a(t/c)-b(t/c)
0.2
0.0
Prandtl-Jones dcD/dcL2 = 1/(pA)

-0.2 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06
Streamwise thickness t/c

0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22
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Effect of thickness on induced drag ~ symmetrical section

Nomenclature A aspect ratio vo flight velocity a angle of attack u upwash angle * cL lift coefficient cD drag coefficient cN normal force coef. No sweep No twist Assume elliptical loading Assume small angles cL cN 2p (au) [1] u -cN /(pA) [2] cD cN a - cT cF [3]
cT
Define thrust recovery:
cF cT k
friction force coef. ** chord thrust coef. ***
a cN
k cT / [cN tan(au)] cT / [cN (au)] [4]

Combine [1,2,3,4]:
thrust recovery (0-1)
vo
a u cT cF
k = 0: cD cF + cNa
cD cF + (cN2) / (pA) + (1-k) (cN2) / (2p) "very thin": k 0 "thick" : k 1
* Usually negative ** Upper + lower, chordwise *** Pressure integration, chordwise
consistent with Polhamus

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Aero Group
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Summary ~ Lift and Drag Review and Renew

Prandtl: Good prediction of unswept wing lift slope Helmbold: Excellent prediction thereof
particularly at low aspect ratio
Diederich & Polhamus: added effect of sweep

different formulas ~ quite-different curve shapes essentially identical results, nonetheless
Prandtl & Jones: thick-wing or body induced drag

totally independent methods & purposes Prandtl: any aspect ratio ~ Jones: Low-A same formula: cDv = cL2 / (pA)
Polhamus: induced drag upper limit

zero thickness, symmetrical section formula: cDv acL cL2 / (dcL/da)
Enhancements via our review & renew study:

1) Showed Prandtl-Jones drag is limited to thick wings 2) Suggested correlation for thick-to-thin drag transition 3) New formula for induced drag with symmetrical sections
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15
Application of method ~ "Neutral-trimmed" drag polar

01. Set geom (aspect ratio, thickness, & sweep) {A, t/c, Lc/2}
02. Loop on specified angle of attack, a (say from 0o to 10o)

03. Compute the lift slope, dcL/da (Diederich or Polhamus) 04. Compute the lift coefficient, cL (given a and dcL/da) 05. Compute Prandtl-Jones induced drag coefficient, cDv_PJ 06. Compute Polhamus induced-drag coefficient, cDv_Po 07. Get induced-drag transition (t) at thickness ratio (t/c) 08. Compute induced drag coefficient (cDv) given (t) 09. Est. zero-lift drag (cDo) {1st mention ~ use 0.02} 10. Compute total drag coefficient, cD = cDo + cDv 11. Compute lift/drag ratio, L/D 12. Plot all results versus a or cL
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Sample application of method ~ homework assignment

Application: Me-163 Assume:
a) no twist, low Mach number

b) 9% thickness (t/c) c) section h = 0.95 Measure from sketch: a) Leading-edge sweep (Lo) b) Span (b) c) Root (centerline) & tip chords
Lo
t c
Tasks:
1) Get parameters S, A, r, Lc/2 2) Find L/D, a and cL at max L/D 3) e-mail results to:
[email protected]
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Aero Group
17
About the Author
Phil Barnes has a Masters Degree in Aerospace Engineering from Cal Poly Pomona and a Bachelors Degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Arizona. He has 31-years of experience in the performance analysis and computer modeling of aerospace vehicles and subsystems at Northrop Grumman. Phil has authored diverse technical papers and studies of gears, computer graphics, orbital mechanics, aerodynamics, and propellers, including internationally-recognized studies of albatross dynamic soaring, regenerative-electric flight, and "German Jets."
Pelican
Aero Group
18

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Induced drag transition ~ Prandtl-Jones to Polhamus

Lift and Drag Review and Renew 2

Polhamus cD a c L c dcD/dcL2 1/(dcL/da)

Presentation Purpose and Contents

Elliptical wing and Prandtl's formula for lift ~ 1918

Summary and sample application of new method

Configurations studied ~ Data and theory references

114 configurations, thickness: 02 - 20%

Wing geometry and aerodynamic terms

Prandtl and Jones Theories

Prandtl-Jones Induced drag: cDv cL2/(pA) But what about thickness?

Lift slope data and validation of theory

(dcL /da) / 2ph

Helmbold-Diederich ~ Low-speed lift slope of any wing

Equivalent Lift Slope, dcL /da 2ph cosL c/2 Loc/2

F A /(h cos L c / 2 ) dcL / da F 2ph cos L c / 2 2 F 2 4

Helmbold-Polhamus ~ Low-speed lift slope of any wing

Equivalent Lift Slope, dcL /da Ap /2

dcL / da 4h A(p / 2) 2h ( A / cos L c / 2 ) 2 4h 2

Test data ~ Delta wing-body lift ~ effect of thickness

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2

0.08 0.05 0.03

Minor effect of thickness on lift

The Thin-wing Induced-drag Surprise ~ Circa 1950

The Thin-wing Induced-drag Surprise ~ Circa 1950

0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04

Square of Lift Coefficient ~ cL2 0.00

Induced drag transition ~ Prandtl-Jones to Polhamus

Induced-drag K Transition dcD/dcL2 ; ~ t Prandtl-Jones ( K-KPJ ) /( KPo-KPJ to ) Polhamus

t [dcD/dcL2 - 1/(pA)] / [1/(dcL/da) - 1/(pA)]

Preliminary Empirical Correlation

Prandtl-Jones dcD/dcL2 = 1/(pA)

Streamwise thickness t/c

Effect of thickness on induced drag ~ symmetrical section

Define thrust recovery:

friction force coef. ** chord thrust coef. ***

k cT / [cN tan(au)] cT / [cN (au)] [4]

thrust recovery (0-1)

cD cF + (cN2) / (pA) + (1-k) (cN2) / (2p) "very thin": k 0 "thick" : k 1

* Usually negative ** Upper + lower, chordwise *** Pressure integration, chordwise

consistent with Polhamus

Summary ~ Lift and Drag Review and Renew

Diederich & Polhamus: added effect of sweep

Prandtl & Jones: thick-wing or body induced drag

Polhamus: induced drag upper limit

Enhancements via our review & renew study:

Application of method ~ "Neutral-trimmed" drag polar

02. Loop on specified angle of attack, a (say from 0o to 10o)

Sample application of method ~ homework assignment

a) no twist, low Mach number

About the Author

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friction force coef. chord thrust coef. *

* Usually negative Upper + lower, chordwise * Pressure integration, chordwise