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    Biology Form 4

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    Arvinth Guna Segaran
    Cell division can occur through mitosis or meiosis. Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair, while meiosis produces haploid gametes for sexual reproduction. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the original diploid cell. This allows for genetic variation between offspring through independent assortment and recombination during meiosis I.

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    Biology Form 4

    Uploaded by

    Arvinth Guna Segaran
    678 views13 pages
    Cell division can occur through mitosis or meiosis. Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair, while meiosis produces haploid gametes for sexual reproduction. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the original diploid cell. This allows for genetic variation between offspring through independent assortment and recombination during meiosis I.

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    Cell division can occur through mitosis or meiosis. Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair, while meiosis produces haploid gametes for sexual reproduction. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the original diploid cell. This allows for genetic variation between offspring through independent assortment and recombination during meiosis I.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    678 views13 pages

    Biology Form 4

    Uploaded by

    Arvinth Guna Segaran
    Cell division can occur through mitosis or meiosis. Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair, while meiosis produces haploid gametes for sexual reproduction. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the original diploid cell. This allows for genetic variation between offspring through independent assortment and recombination during meiosis I.

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    of 13

    Biology Form 4 Cell Division

    nucleus

    chromosomes

    centromere

    chromatid

    DNA

    Why Cells divide?


    i. Renew dead cells Example: blood cells ii. Repair damaged cells Example: wound healing process iii. Process of growth Example: Increase in size (length or height) iv. To reproduce (off springs) Cell division can be mitosis or meiosis

    Cell cycle

    Prophase

    Metaphase

    Anaphase

    Telophase

    5.2 Meiosis
    Trait observable/measureable characteristics
    Universal common in all members of a species Ex: 2 eyes, 1 nose, 5 fingers Have variation different among individual Ex: skin color, height, eye color, hair texture Traits can be beneficial or harmful Traits are passed to offspring via sexual reproduction

    Diploid Somatic Cells & Haploid Gametes


    Every somatic cell (body cell) has 2 pairs of chormosomes

    One from mother, one from father Example human beings : 46 chromosomes 23 chromosomes from mother & 23 chromosomes from father
    Organism Somatic cell (2n) (Diploid chromosome)

    2n
    4
    39 16 20

    Gametes (n) (Haploid chromosome)

    Fruit fly
    Chicken Onion Mouse

    8
    78 32 40

    Table 1.0: Chormosome numbers in somatic cells and gametes of different organisms

    What is Meiosis?
    Reduction division : diploid cells produce haploid cells Chromosome number becomes half : 2n n Steps involves: i. Single duplication of chromosomes in parent cells ii. Two cycles of nuclear and cell division iii. Production of 4 haploid gametes Meiosis usually occurs in reproductive organs to produce reproductive cells Ex: -Production of sperms and ovum in human -Production of pollen grains in anthers of flowers

    Importance of Meiosis
    Important role in sexual reproduction to produce genetic variation Genetic variation differences in the characteristics of an offspring (not a photocopy) Important for survival overcome disease/infection 3 possible ways for genetic variation 1. Chromosome cross-over in prophase I -produces new gene combinations 2.Reduction & Fusion of gametes -fusion of haploid male and female gamete -zygote has combination of genes from both parents 3.Independent (random) assortment in metaphase I
    Meiosis I : separation of homologous chromosomes Meiosis Meiosis II : separation of chromatids

    Produces 4 daughter cells half chromosome number of the parent cells

    Homologous Chromosomes

    Pair of chromosomes of the same size and shape They carry same type of genes one set from father and one set from mother They pair up during prophase stage of meiosis I to form homologous pairs or bivalents Example: If a cell has 4 chromosomes (2n = 4)

    Similarities between Mitosis & Meiosis


    involve cell division Start from diploid cells Chromosome duplicates only once Chromatids separate in anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis Similar phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase & telophase Aspects Purpose Meiosis Produce gametes for sexual reproduction

    Mitosis Cell renewal growth, wound healing

    Somatic cells

    Type of cell

    Primary spermatocytes & oocytes

    Genetically identical to parent cells


    Single row chromosome align at the equator Doesnt occur

    Genetic identity
    Chromosome alignment during metaphase synapsis

    Genetically different
    Double row chromosomes align at equator Homologous chromosome synapses in prophase I forming tetrads/bivalents

    Differences between mitosis and meiosis


    Mitosis
    Cell renewal growth, wound healing Somatic cells Genetically identical to parent cells

    Aspects
    Purpose Type of cell Genetic identity

    Meiosis
    Produce gametes for sexual reproduction Primary spermatocytes & oocytes Genetically different

    Single row chromosome align at the equator


    Doesnt occur

    Chromosome alignment during metaphase


    synapsis

    Double row chromosomes align at equator


    Homologous chromosome synapses in prophase I forming tetrads/bivalents In prophse I

    Doesnt occur

    Cross-over and chiasma formation Genetic variation Cytokinesis

    none Occurs once

    present Occurs twice

    Diploid (2n)

    Chromosome no.

    haploid (n)

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