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Continuous-Time Signals: David W. Graham EE 327

This document discusses continuous-time signals and some common signal types and operations on them. It introduces the unit step function u(t), unit impulse/delta function δ(t), ramp functions, exponential signals, and periodic signals. It describes properties of the delta function like the sifting property and its relationship to the unit step. It also covers sinusoidal waveforms and basic operations that can be performed on continuous-time signals like time shifting, amplitude scaling, addition, multiplication, and time scaling.

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Waqas Akram Gondal
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104 views18 pages

Continuous-Time Signals: David W. Graham EE 327

This document discusses continuous-time signals and some common signal types and operations on them. It introduces the unit step function u(t), unit impulse/delta function δ(t), ramp functions, exponential signals, and periodic signals. It describes properties of the delta function like the sifting property and its relationship to the unit step. It also covers sinusoidal waveforms and basic operations that can be performed on continuous-time signals like time shifting, amplitude scaling, addition, multiplication, and time scaling.

Uploaded by

Waqas Akram Gondal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Continuous-Time Signals

David W. Graham
EE 327
2
Continuous-Time Signals
Continuous-Time Signals
Time is a continuous variable
The signal itself need not be continuous


We will look at several common
continuous-time signals and also
operations that may be performed on them
3
Unit Step Function u(t)
( )

<
>
=
0 0
0 1
t
t
t u
Used to characterize systems
We will use u(t) to illustrate the properties of continuous-time signals
t
1
0
4
Unit Impulse/Delta Function (t)
Used for complete characterization of systems
Response of a system to (t) allows us to know
the response to all signals
Can approximate any arbitrary waveform/signal
Not a function
It is a distribution
Difficult to make in reality, but it can be
approximated
5
Unit Impulse/Delta Function (t)
( )

A < < A
A
=
A
otherwise
t
t
0
2
1
o
Let
A A t
A 2
1
Area = 1
( ) ( ) t t
A A
= o o
0
lim
Infinitely narrow
Infinitely tall
Always has area = 1
( )
( ) 1
0
0 0
=

=
=
=
}


t t o
o
d
and
t undefined
t
t
(Area = 1)
(1)
t
Represents
Area
6
Properties of (t)
Sifting Property
Samples an arbitrary waveform at a given time instance
Given an arbitrary function f(t) and an impulse (t t
d
),
we can find the instantaneous value of f(t
d
)
Multiply the two signals together
Integrate because (t) is a distribution
f(t)
t
(1)
t
d
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
d d d
d
t f d t t f
d t f
= =
=
}
}


t t o
t t o t
Dummy variable of integration
Because (t) = 0 for all values but t
d
Can use this property to sample a CT signal to the DT domain
7
Sifting Property
For a delayed version of f(t) f(t t
1
), the sifting property
gives us a delayed version of the instantaneous value
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
t t f d t t t f d t t f
d d d d
= =
} }


t t o t t o t
ex. Find the instantaneous value (sample) of x(t) = sin
2
(t/b) at time t=a
( ) ( )
( )
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
}
} }


b
a
d a
b
a
d a
b
a
d a
b
2 2
2 2
sin sin
sin sin
t t o
t t o t t o
t
8
Properties of (t)
Relationship to the Step Function

( ) ( ) t t o d t u
t
}

=
( )
( )
dt
t du
t = o
Area of (t) always equals 1
Other Properties
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) t
a
at
t t
o o
o o
1
=
=
9
Ramp Functions
x(t) = t
Shifted ramp = B(t t
d
)


Unit ramp function, r(t)
Starts at a given time
B
t t
d
( ) ( )

<
>
= =
0 0
0
t
t t
t tu t r
t
10
Exponential Signals
x(t) = Ce
at

if C and a are real


If a is imaginary
t
a>0 a<0
a=0
Eulers Formula
u u
u
sin cos j e
j
+ =
j
e e
e e
j j
j j
2
sin
2
cos
u u
u u
u
u

=
+
=
Inverse Eulers Formula
11
Periodic Signals
Signal that repeats itself every T seconds
T=period of the signal
A signal is periodic if
x(t) = x(t + T), where T>0 for all t
Therefore, replace t with t+T
x(t + T) = x(t + 2T)
Also, x(t) = x(t + nT), n = integer
Fundamental period = minimum T that satisfies
x(t) = x(t + T)
T
0

f
0
= 1/T
0


0
= 2f
0
= 2/T
0
12
Periodic Signals
ex. Is x(t) periodic? If so, find the fundamental period of x(t)
x(t) is periodic with fundamental period T
0
= 4

because x(t) = x(t + 4) for all values of t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
t
x(t)
13
Periodic Signals
Time scaling applied to periodic signals
Let y(t) = x(at)
y(t) has period = T/|a|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
t
x(t)
ex. Let y(t) = x(2t), sketch y(t) and find the fundamental period of y(t)
The period of y(t), T
y
= T/|2| = 4/|2| = 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
t
y(t)
14
Periodic Signals
ex. What is an equation for x(t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
t
x(t)
Remember, T
x
= 4, so everything repeats every 4 seconds
Therefore, look at only one period
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 10 8 6 4 2 = = = t u t u t u t u t u t u t x
( ) ( ) ( ) | |

=
=
m
m t u m t u t x 2 4 4
( ) ( ) ( ) | |

=
+ =
m
m t u m t u 4 2 4
Summation with delay
given by the period
15
Sinusoidal Waveforms
( ) ( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = + =
2
sin cos
0 0
t
| e | e t A t A t x
A = Amplitude

0
= Radian Frequency
= Phase Delay
T
f
t
t e
2
2
0
= =
t
A
-|/e
0
T
16
Sinusoidal Waveforms
Time Shift
Let ( ) ( ) t A t x
0
cos e =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | e e + = = t A t t A t t x
d d 0 0
cos cos
( ) ( ) | e e e + = = t A t t A
d 0 0 0
cos cos
d
t
0
e | =
0 0
2 f
t
d
t
|
e
|
=

=
T
t
t f
d
d
t t | 2 2
0
= =
Time Shift = Time Delay
17
Sinusoidal Waveforms
ex. What is the time delay of x(t)?
( ) ( ) t t 2 . 0 30 cos 10 = t t x
sec
150
1
30
2 . 0
0
= =

=
t
t
e
|
d
t
Answer
18
Operations of CT Signals
1. Time Reversal y(t) = x(-t)
2. Time Shifting y(t) = x(t-t
d
)
3. Amplitude Scaling y(t) = Bx(t)
4. Addition y(t) = x
1
(t) + x
2
(t)
5. Multiplication y(t) = x
1
(t)x
2
(t)
6. Time Scaling y(t) = x(at)

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