Scribd
Upload
181 views55 pages

Signals & Systems

This document provides an overview of signals and systems. It defines a signal as a function that conveys information, and a system as an entity that manipulates signals. Key concepts discussed include time and frequency domain representations, Fourier and Z transforms, digital filters, and their applications. It also covers signal types, system properties like stability, memory, causality, time-invariance and linearity, elementary signals, and examples of systems.

Uploaded by

Waqas Akram Gondal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
181 views55 pages

Signals & Systems

This document provides an overview of signals and systems. It defines a signal as a function that conveys information, and a system as an entity that manipulates signals. Key concepts discussed include time and frequency domain representations, Fourier and Z transforms, digital filters, and their applications. It also covers signal types, system properties like stability, memory, causality, time-invariance and linearity, elementary signals, and examples of systems.

Uploaded by

Waqas Akram Gondal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 55

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

Contents of the Lecture


Signal & System?
Time-domain representation of LTI
system
Fourier transform and its application
Z transform and its application
Digital Filter & Its Application

Can you believe it?
Examples of System
1. INTRODUCTION
What is a Signal?
(DEF) Signal : A signal is formally
defined as a function of one or more
variables, which conveys information
on the nature of physical phenomenon.
?
What is a System?
(DEF) System : A system is formally
defined as an entity that manipulates
one or more signals to accomplish a
function, thereby yielding new signals.
system
output
signal
input
signal
Some Interesting Systems
Communication system
Control systems
Remote sensing system
Biomedical system(biomedical signal
processing)
Auditory system
Some Interesting Systems
Communication system
Some Interesting Systems
Control systems

Some Interesting Systems
Papero
Some Interesting Systems
Remote sensing system
Perspectival view of Mount Shasta (California), derived from a pair
of stereo radar images acquired from orbit with the shuttle Imaging
Radar (SIR-B). (Courtesy of Jet Propulsion Laboratory.)
Some Interesting Systems
Biomedical system(biomedical signal
processing)

Some Interesting Systems
Auditory system
Classification of Signals
Continuous and discrete-time signals
Continuous and discrete-valued signals
Even and odd signals
Periodic signals, non-periodic signals
Deterministic signals, random signals
Causal and anticausal signals
Right-handed and left-handed signals
Finite and infinite length
Continuous and discrete-
time signals
Continuous signal
- It is defined for all time t : x(t)
Discrete-time signal
- It is defined only at discrete instants of
time : x[n]=x(nT)
Continuous and Discrete valued
singals
CV corresponds to a continuous y-
axis
DV corresponds to a discrete y-axis
Digital signal
Even and odd signals
Even signals : x(-t)=x(t)
Odd signals : x(-t)=-x(t)
Even and odd signal decomposition
x
e
(t)= 1/2(x(t)+x(-t)) x
o
(t)= 1/2(x(t)-x(-
t))



Periodic signals, non-
periodic signals
Periodic signals
- A function that satisfies the condition
x(t)=x(t+T) for all t
- Fundamental frequency : f=1/T
- Angular frequency : e= 2t/T


Non-periodic signals
Deterministic signals,
random signals
Deterministic signals
-There is no uncertainty with respect to its value
at any time. (ex) sin(3t)


Random signals
- There is uncertainty before its actual occurrence.
Causal and anticausal
Signals
Causal signals : zero for all negative
time
Anticausal signals : zero for all positive
time
Noncausal : nozero values in both
positive and negative time
causal
signal
anticausal
signal
noncausal
signal
Right-handed and left-handed
Signals
Right-handed and left handed-signal :
zero between a given variable and
positive or negative infinity
Finite and infinite length
Finite-length signal : nonzero over a
finite interval t
min
< t< t
max
Infinite-length singal : nonzero over all
real numbers
Basic Operations on Signals
Operations performed on dependent
signals
Operations performed on the
independent signals

Operations performed on
dependent signals
Amplitude scaling
Addition
Multiplication
Differentiation
Integration
( ) ( ) y t cx t =
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) y t x t x t = +
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) y t x t x t =
( ) ( )
d
y t x t
dx
=
( ) ( )
t
y t x d t t

=
}
Operations performed on
the independent signals
Time scaling
a>1 : compressed
0<a<1 : expanded
( ) ( ) y t x at =
Operations performed on
the independent signals
Reflection
( ) ( ) y t x t =
Operations performed on
the independent signals
Time shifting
- Precedence Rule for time shifting & time
scaling


0
( ) ( ) y t x t t =
( ) ( ) ( ( ))
b
y t x at b x a t
a
= =
The incorrect way of applying the precedence rule. (a) Signal x(t).
(b) Time-scaled signal v(t) = x(2t). (c) Signal y(t) obtained by
shifting
v(t) = x(2t) by 3 time units, which yields y(t) = x(2(t + 3)).
The proper order in which the operations of time scaling and time
shifting (a) Rectangular pulse x(t) of amplitude 1.0 and duration 2.0,
symmetric about the origin. (b) Intermediate pulse v(t), representing
a time-shifted version of x(t). (c) Desired signal y(t), resulting from
the compression of v(t) by a factor of 2.
Elementary Signals
Exponential signals
Sinusoidal signals
Exponentially damped sinusoidal
signals
( )
at
x t Be =
( ) cos( ) x t A t = | = +
( ) cos( )
at
x t Ae t = | = +
Elementary Signals
Step function
( ) ( ) x t u t =
(a) Rectangular pulse x(t) of amplitude A and duration of 1 s,
symmetric about the origin. (b) Representation of x(t) as the
difference of two step functions of amplitude A, with one step
function shifted to the left by and the other shifted to the right by
; the two shifted signals are denoted by x1(t) and x2(t),
respectively. Note that x(t) = x1(t) x2(t).
Elementary Signals
Impulse function ( ) ( ) x t t o =
(a) Evolution of a rectangular pulse of unit area into an impulse of unit
strength (i.e., unit impulse). (b) Graphical symbol for unit impulse.
(c) Representation of an impulse of strength a that results from allowing
the duration of a rectangular pulse of area a to approach zero.
Elementary Signals
Ramp function
( ) ( ) x t r t =
Systems Viewed as
Interconnection of
Operations
system
output
signal
input
signal
Properties of Systems
Stability
Memory
Invertibility
Time Invariance
Linearity
Stability(1)
BIBO stable : A system is said to be
bounded-input bounded-output stable
iff every bounded input results in a
bounded output.

Its Importance : the collapse of Tacoma
Narrows suspension bridge, pp.45
| ( ) | | ( ) |
x y
t x t M t y t M s < s <
Dramatic photographs
showing the collapse of
the Tacoma Narrows
suspension bridge on
November 7, 1940. (a)
Photograph showing the
twisting motion of the
bridges center span just
before failure.
(b) A few minutes after
the first piece of concrete
fell, this second
photograph shows a 600-
ft section of the bridge
breaking out of the
suspension span and
turning upside down as it
crashed in Puget Sound,
Washington. Note the car
in the top right-hand
corner of the photograph.

Stability(2)
Example pp.46
- y[n]=1/3(x[n]+x[n-1]+x[n-2])
- y[n]=r
n
x[n], where r>1
1
[ ] [ ] [ 1] [ 2]
3
1
(| [ ] | | [ 1] | | [ 2] |)
3
1
( )
3
x x x x
y n x n x n x n
x n x n x n
M M M M
= + +
s + +
s + + =
Memory
Memory system : A system is said to
possess memory if its output signal
depends on past values of the input
signal
Memoryless system
(example)

1
( ) ( )
1
( ) ( )
[ ] [ ] [ 1]
t
i t v t
R
i t v d
L
y n x n x n
t t

=
=
= +
}
Memory or memoryless?
Causality
Causal system : A system is said to be
causal if the present value of the output
signal depends only on the present
and/or past values of the input signal.
Non-causal system
(example)
y[n]=x[n]+1/2x[n-1]
y[n]=x[n+1]+1/2x[n-1]

Invertiblity(1)
Invertible system : A system is said to
be invertible if the input of the system
can be recovered from the system
output.
H:xy, H
-1
:yx
H
-1
{y(t)}= H
-1
{H{x(t)}}, H
-1
H=I
H H
-1

x(t)
x(t) y(t)
Invertiblity(2)
(Example)
-

-
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t
d
y t x d x t L y t
L
dt
t t

= =
}
2
( ) ( ) y t x t =
Time Invariance (1)
Time invariant system : A system is
said to be time invariant if a time delay
or time advance of the input signal
leads to a identical time shift in the
output signal.
0
0 0
( ) { ( )}
{ { ( )}} { ( )}
i
t t
y t H x t t
H S x t HS x t
=
= =
0
0
0 0
( ) { ( )}
{ { ( )}} { ( )}
t
t t
y t S y t
S H x t S H x t
=
= =
Time Invariance (2)
S
t
0
H
x(t)
y
i
(t) x(t-t
0
)
H S
t
0

x(t)
y
0
(t)
Are following two systems equivalent?
Time Invariance (3)
Examples
1
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
t
y t x d
L
x t
y t
R t
t t

=
=
}
Linearity(1)
Linear system : A system is said to be
linear if it satisfies the principle of
superposition.
1
1
?
1 1
( ) ( )
( ) { ( )} { ( )}
{ ( )} ( )
N
i i
i
N
i i
i
N N
i i i i
i i
x t a x t
y t H x t H a x t
a H x t a y t
=
=
= =
=
= =
= =


Linearity(2)
a
1

a
2

a
N

.
.
.
E
.
.
.
H
x
1
(t)
x
2
(t)
x
N
(t)
.
.
.
y(t)
H
H
H
.
.
.
a
1

a
2

a
N

E .
.
.
.
.
.
x
1
(t)
x
2
(t)
x
N
(t)
y(t)
Linearity(3)
Examples
-
-

Check superposition with simple two
inputs.

[ ] [ ] y n nx n =
( ) ( ) ( 1) y t x t x t =
1 1 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) x t a x t a x t = +
Theme Examples
Example of multiple propagation paths in a wireless
communication environment.
Tapped-delay-line model of a linear communication
channel, assumed to be time-invariant
Stock Price : filtering
(a) Fluctuations in the closing stock price of Intel over a three-year
period.
(b) Output of a four-point moving-average system.
References
S. Haykin and B. Van Veen, Signals and
Systems, 3
rd
ed. Wiley and Sons, Inc,
2003.
Kim Jin Young, Handout, IC & DSP
Research, EE Dept. Chonnam National
University, 2005.

You might also like