AC Network

Theorems
Prepared by:
Karthik Chandran Pillai
IV Sem, EEE (B)

Superposition Theorem
The voltage across (or current through) an
element is determined by summing the
voltage (or current) due to each independent
source.
All sources other than the one being
considered are eliminated.
Replace current sources with opens.
Replace voltage sources with shorts.
Superposition Theorem
A circuit may operate at more than one
frequency at a time.
Diode and transistor circuits will have both dc
and ac sources.
Superposition can still be applied.
Superposition Theorem
The superposition theorem can be applied
only to voltage and current.
It cannot be used to solve for the total power
dissipated by an element.
This is because power is not a linear quantity,
but instead follows a square-law relationship.
ET 242 Circuit Analysis II Network Theorems for AC Circuits Boylestad 4
Independent Sources
Ex. 18-1 Using the superposition theorem, find the current I through the 4
resistance (X
L
2
) in Fig. 18.1.
Figure 18.1 Example 18.1. Figure 18.2 Assigning the subscripted impedances to the network in Fig.18.1.
j3 jX Z
j4 jX Z
j4 jX Z
, (Fig.18.2) circuit redrawn the For
C 3
L 2
L 1
2
1
= =
= + =
= + =
Z =
Z O
Z
=
O + O
Z
=
O + O
Z
=
+
=
Z O = O =
O
=
O O
O O
=
+
=
90 25 . 1
90 8
0 10
4 12
0 10
4 12
0 10
90 12 12
12
3 4
) 3 )( 4 (
1 3 // 2
1
3 2
3 2
3 // 2
1
A
V
j j
V
j j
V
Z Z
E
I
j
j
j j
j j
Z Z
Z Z
Z
have we , (Fig.18.3) E source
voltage the of ef f ects the g Considerin
s
1
Figure 18.3 Determining the effect
of the voltage source E
1
on the
current I of the network in Fig. 18.1.
Z = =
O
O
=
+
=
90 75 . 3
1
75 . 3 ) 25 . 1 )( 3 (
) (
3
1
A
j
A
j3 - j4
A j j
rule divider current
Z Z
I Z
I' and
2
s 3
Figure 18.4 Determining the
effect of the voltage source E
2

on the current I of the network in
Fig. 18.1.
ET 242 Circuit Analysis II Network Theorems for AC Circuits Boylestad 5
Superposition for Dependent
Sources
If the controlling element is external to the
circuit under consideration, the method is the
same as for independent sources.
Simply remove the sources one at a time and
solve for the desired voltage or current.
Combine the results.
Superposition for Dependent
Sources
If the dependent source is controlled by an
element located in the circuit, the analysis is
different.
The dependent source cannot be eliminated.
The circuit must be analyzed by considering
all effects simultaneously.
Dependent Sources For dependent sources in which the controlling variable
is not determined by the network to which the superposition is to be applied, the
application of the theorem is basically the same as for independent sources.
Ex. 18-5 Using the superposition, determine the current I
2
for the network in
Fig.18.18. The quantities and h are constants.
Figure 18.18 Example 18.5. Figure 18.19 Assigning the subscripted impedances to the network in Fig.18.18.
Z O =
Z O
=
O + O
=
O + O + O
=
+
= '
O + O = + = O = =
66 . 38 / 078 . 0
66 . 38 8 . 12 8 10 8 6 4
), 20 . 18 . (
8 6 4
), 19 . 18 . (
2 1
2 2 1 1
V
V
j
V
j
V
Z Z
V
I
Fig source voltage the For
j jX R Z R Z
Fig system the of portion a With
L

ET 242 Circuit Analysis II Network Theorems for AC Circuits Boylestad 9
Z = Z =
Z O
O
=
+
=
' '
66 . 38 312 . 0 66 . 38 ) 078 . 0 ( 4
66 . 38 8 . 12
) )( 4 ( ) (
), 21 . 18 . (
2 1
1
hI hI
hI
Z Z
hI Z
I
Fig source current the For
Z = Z + Z =
Z Z + Z O Z =
= = Z =
Z + Z O =
' '
+
'
=
66 . 38 22 . 16 66 . 38 62 . 0 66 . 38 60 . 15
66 . 38 ) 0 20 )( 100 ( 312 . 0 66 . 38 / ) 0 10 )( 20 ( 078 . 0
, 100 , 20 , 0 10
66 . 38 312 . 0 66 . 38 / 078 . 0
2
2
2
A A A
mA V I
h and V V For
hI V I I I
is I current the For

Figure 18.20 Determining the effect of the voltage-controlled

voltage source on the current I
2
for the network in Fig.18.18.
Figure 18.21 Determining the effect of the current-controlled
current source on the current I
2
for the network in Fig.18.18.
ET 242 Circuit Analysis II Network Theorems for AC Circuits Boylestad 10
Thvenins Theorem
Thvenins theorem converts an ac circuit into
a single ac voltage source in series with an
equivalent impedance.
First, remove the element or elements across
which the equivalent circuit is to be found.
Label the two terminals.
Set all sources to zero - replace voltage
sources with shorts, current sources with
opens.
Thvenins Theorem
Calculate the Thvenin equivalent impedance.
Replace the sources and determine the open-
circuit voltage.
If more than one source is involved, use
superposition.
Draw the resulting Thvenin equivalent circuit,
including the portion removed.
ET 242 Circuit Analysis II Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms Boylestad 12
Ex. 18-7 Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the network external to resistor R
in Fig. 18.24.
Figure 18.24
Example 18.7.
Z =

=
O O
O
=
+
=
Z O =
Z
O
=
O
O
=
O O
O O
=
+
=
O = = O = =
180 33 . 3
6
20
2 8
) 10 )( 2 (
) (
: ) 27 . 18 . ( 4
90 67 . 2
90 6
16
6
16
2 8
) 2 )( 8 (
: ) 26 . 18 . ( 3
2 8
: ) 25 . 18 . ( 2 1
2 1
2
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
V
j
V j
j j
V j
rule divider voltage
Z Z
E Z
E
Fig Step
j
j
j j
j j
Z Z
Z Z
Z
Fig Step
j jX Z j jX Z
Fig and Steps
Th
Th
L L
Figure 18.26
Determine the Thevenin
impedance for the
network in Fig.18.24.
Figure 18.27 Determine
the open-circuit Thevenin
voltage for the network in
Fig.18.24.
Figure 18.25 Assigning the
subscripted impedances to
the network in Fig.18.24.
ET 242 Circuit Analysis II Parallel ac circuits analysis Boylestad 13
Step 5: The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 18.28.
Figure 18.28 The Thevenin
equivalent circuit for the
network in Fig.18.24.
Ex. 18-8 Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the network external to resistor
to branch a-a in Fig. 18.24.
O = + =
O O = =
O + O = + =
5
4 3
8 6
:
: ) 30 . 18 . ( 2 1
2
1
3
2 2
1 1
j jX Z
j jX R Z
j jX R Z
impedances d subscripte with complexity
reduced the Note Fig and Steps
L
C
L
Figure 18.29
Example 18.8.
Figure 18.30 Assigning the
subscripted impedances for
the network in Fig.18.29.
Z =
Z
Z
=
Z O
Z Z O
=
+
=
=
'
09 . 77 08 . 5
96 . 23 85 . 9
13 . 53 50
96 . 23 85 . 9
) 0 10 )( 13 . 53 5 (
) (
: . 0
, : ) 32 . 18 . ( 4
1 2
2
2
3
V
V V
rule divider voltage
Z Z
E Z
E
Z across drop voltage the is E Then I
circuit open an is a a Since Fig Step
Th
Th Z
Z O = O + O =
+ = Z + =
Z
Z
+ =
+
Z
+ =
O O + O + O
Z O Z O
+ O =
+
+ =
36 . 32 49 . 5 94 . 2 64 . 4
06 . 2 64 . 4 5 96 . 23 08 . 5 5
96 . 23 85 . 9
0 50
5
4 9
0 50
5
) 4 3 ( ) 8 6 (
) 13 . 53 5 )( 13 . 53 10 (
5
: ) 31 . 18 . ( 3
2 1
2 1
3
j
j j j
j
j
j
j j
j
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Fig Step
Th
ET 242 Circuit Analysis II Selected Network Theorems for AC Circuits Boylestad 14
Figure 18.26 Determine the Thevenin
impedance for the network in Fig.18.29.
Figure 18.27 Determine the open-
circuit Thevenin voltage for the
network in Fig.18.24.
Step 5: The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 18.33.
Figure 18.33 The Thevenin equivalent circuit for the network in Fig.18.29.
Nortons Theorem
Nortons theorem converts an ac network into
an equivalent circuit consisting of a single
current source and a parallel impedance.
First, remove element or elements across
which the Norton circuit is to be found.
Label the terminals.
Set all sources to zero.
Nortons Theorem
Determine the Norton equivalent impedance.
Replace the sources and calculate the short-
circuit current.
Superposition may used for multiple sources.
Draw the resulting Norton circuit with
elements which were removed replaced.
Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem
Maximum power will be delivered to a load
when the load impedance is the complex
conjugate of the Thvenin or Norton
impedance.
Z
Th
= 3O + j4O Z
L
= 3O - j4O
Z
Th
= 10 OZ30 Z
L
= 10 OZ-30
Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem
If the Z is replaced by its complex conjugate,
the maximum power will be
( )
N
N N
max
Th
Th
max
Th
Th
R
Z I
P
R
E
P
R R
R E
P
L
L
L
4
4
2 2
2
2
2
=
=
+
=
ET 242 Circuit Analysis II Selected Network Theorems for AC Circuits Boylestad 19
Ex. 18-19 Find the load impedance in Fig. 18.83 for maximum power to the load,
and find the maximum power.
O + O = Z O =
Z
Z O
=
O + O O
Z O Z O
=
+
=
O = + =
Z O = O O = =
8 66 . 10 87 . 36 33 . 13
0 6
87 . 36 80
8 8 6
) 90 8 )( 13 . 53 10 (
8
13 . 53 10 8 6
2 1
2 1
2
1
j
j j Z Z
Z Z
Z
j jX Z
j jX R Z
: (a)] [Fig.18.84 Z Determine
Th
L
C
Th
W
V
R
E
P Then
V
V
j j
V
rule divider voltage
Z Z
E Z
E
f ind must we power imum the f ind To
j Z and
Th
Th
L
38 . 3
64 . 42
144
) 66 . 10 ( 4
) 12 (
4
90 12
0 6
90 72
8 6 8
) 0 9 )( 90 8 (
) (
, max
8 66 . 10 87 . 36 33 . 13
2 2
max
1 2
2
= =
O
= =
Z =
Z
Z
=
O O + O
Z Z O
=
+
=
O O = Z O =
Figure 18.84 Determining (a) Z
Th
and (b) E
Th
for the
network external to the load in Fig. 18.83.
Figure 18.83 Example 18.19.
ET 242 Circuit Analysis II Selected Network Theorems for AC Circuits Boylestad 19
Ex. 18-19 Find the load impedance in Fig. 18.83 for maximum power to the load,
and find the maximum power.
O + O = Z O =
Z
Z O
=
O + O O
Z O Z O
=
+
=
O = + =
Z O = O O = =
8 66 . 10 87 . 36 33 . 13
0 6
87 . 36 80
8 8 6
) 90 8 )( 13 . 53 10 (
8
13 . 53 10 8 6
2 1
2 1
2
1
j
j j Z Z
Z Z
Z
j jX Z
j jX R Z
: (a)] [Fig.18.84 Z Determine
Th
L
C
Th
W
V
R
E
P Then
V
V
j j
V
rule divider voltage
Z Z
E Z
E
f ind must we power imum the f ind To
j Z and
Th
Th
L
38 . 3
64 . 42
144
) 66 . 10 ( 4
) 12 (
4
90 12
0 6
90 72
8 6 8
) 0 9 )( 90 8 (
) (
, max
8 66 . 10 87 . 36 33 . 13
2 2
max
1 2
2
= =
O
= =
Z =
Z
Z
=
O O + O
Z Z O
=
+
=
O O = Z O =
Figure 18.84 Determining (a) Z
Th
and (b) E
Th
for the
network external to the load in Fig. 18.83.
Figure 18.83 Example 18.19.
Relative Maximum Power
If it is not possible to adjust the reactance part
of a load, then a relative maximum power will
be delivered.
The load resistance has a value determined
by
( )
2 2
Th Th
X X R R
L
+ =