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Thin Aerofoil Theory: AE3010 Aerodynamics Lecture 2

- Thin aerofoil theory provides simplified equations to model the aerodynamics of thin aerofoils. It assumes irrotational, incompressible flow and models the boundary layer using a vortex sheet along the chord line. - The theory involves determining the vortex strength distribution (γ) along the aerofoil surface such that the flow follows the aerofoil contour and satisfies the Kutta condition at the trailing edge. - This allows calculating the lift and moment on the aerofoil. Thin aerofoil theory accurately predicts properties like lift curve slope and effects of camber but panel methods are needed for detailed pressure distributions.

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114 views59 pages

Thin Aerofoil Theory: AE3010 Aerodynamics Lecture 2

- Thin aerofoil theory provides simplified equations to model the aerodynamics of thin aerofoils. It assumes irrotational, incompressible flow and models the boundary layer using a vortex sheet along the chord line. - The theory involves determining the vortex strength distribution (γ) along the aerofoil surface such that the flow follows the aerofoil contour and satisfies the Kutta condition at the trailing edge. - This allows calculating the lift and moment on the aerofoil. Thin aerofoil theory accurately predicts properties like lift curve slope and effects of camber but panel methods are needed for detailed pressure distributions.

Uploaded by

Sabine Brosch
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AE3010

Aerodynamics Lecture 2
Thin Aerofoil Theory
04/10/12
Dr. Peter Barrington
Thin Aerofoil Theory
1. Review of Point vortex
2. Properties of a vortex sheet
3. Review of flow around an aerofoil
4. Idealied flow around an aerofoil
!. "utta #ondition
$. %hin aerofoil assu&ptions
'. (ppl)ing thin aerofoil theor) *+,- 4.4.
Point Vortex
%he velo#it) due to a point vortex at
the origin is given /)0
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
2
y x
x
v
y x
y
u
+

Point Vortex
In polar #o1ordinates
r
v
v
r

2
0

Circulation,
2e #an show that this 3uantit) is
#onstant along a vortex.
s d v


Point Vortex
45et#h the variation of velo#it) as )ou
approa#h the point vortex.
Point Vortex
Point Vortex
Point Vortex
( point vortex in a free strea& #an /e
used to &odel the flow field around an
aerofoil in regions well awa) fro& the
aerofoil. %he #ir#ulation is related to
the lift per unit span of the aerofoil /)
the "utta16hu5ovs5) theore& *see
+,- pg1$'.
Kutta!hu"o#s"y Theorem
n circulatio
velocity stream free V
density
span unit per lift
where

l
V l
$lo% around an aerofoil
7
Vortex &heet
%he point vortex &odel is a good
idealiation of a s&all region of
rotational fluid. ( vortex sheet is a
&odel of a thin region of rotational
fluid spread along a sheet.
Vortex &heet
2e #an thin5 of a vortex sheet as a
set of point vorti#es
Vortex &heet
%he 5e) #hara#teristi# of a vortex
sheet is the #ir#ulation per unit length8
this is #o&&onl) given the s)&/ol 8
/ut +,- use k
Vortex &heet
%he velo#it) due to a vortex sheet
l)ing along the x1axis fro& to origin to
# is given /)0
( )
( )

c
c
ds s
y s x
s x
v
ds s
y s x
y
u
0
2 2
0
2 2
) (
) ( 2
1
) (
) ( 2
1

Vortex sheet
x
y
#
*x8).
s
*s.
Vortex &heet
2e #an show that is e3ual to the
9u&p in velo#it) when #rossing the
vortex sheet.
Vortex &heet
2e do this /) evaluating the general
expression for the velo#it) due to a
#onstant strength vortex sheet at an
ar/itrar) point and then exa&ining
what happens as the point
approa#hes the sheet
Vortex &heet
( si&ple spe#ial #ase is to #onsider
the x #o&ponent of velo#it) indu#ed
/) a #onstant strength vortex sheet
fro& 0 to #
Vortex &heet
In this #ase the velo#it) is given /)0
2e #an use the following0
( )

c
ds
y s x
y
y u
0
2 2
) ( 2
) (

,
_

C
a
x
dx
x a
a
1
2 2
tan
Vortex &heet
In this #ase the velo#it) is given /)0
[ ]
2 1
1 1
2
tan tan
2
) (

1
]
1

,
_

,
_


y
x
y
x c
y u
Vortex sheet
x
y
1
2
#
*x8).
Vortex &heet
:ust a/ove the sheet the velo#it) is
1/2 and 9ust /elow the sheet it is /28
so is the 9u&p in velo#it) a#ross the
sheet.
$lo% around an Aerofoil
%he general pro/le& of solving the
;avier 4to5es e3uation around an
aerofoil re3uires -o&putational <luid
D)na&i#s *-<D.. +owever8 for
idealied flow we #an solve this
pro/le&.
$lo% around an Aerofoil
'deali(ed flo% around an
aerofoil
If we assu&e that the flow is
irrotational and in#o&pressi/le8 the
pro/le& /e#o&es signifi#antl)
si&pler. 2hat are the re3uire&ents
for this to /e a valid approxi&ation=
'deali(ed flo% around an
aerofoil )*e+uirements,

>nifor& approa#h flow

+igh Re *thin /l.

?ow @

?ow angle of atta#5 *no separation.


'deali(ed $lo% around an
aerofoil
2e &odel the /oundar) la)er as a
thin vortex sheet. %he pro/le&
/e#o&es finding the distri/ution of
along the surfa#e of the aerofoil whi#h
ensures the flow follows the aerofoil
#ontour
'deali(ed flo% around an
Aerofoil
Ane pro/le& with this approa#h is
that there is an infinite nu&/er of
solutions. 2e #an show this for the
si&ple #ase of flow around a #ir#ular
#)linder.
$lo% around a circular cylinder
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2 ) (
y x
x
y x
xy
a V v
y x
y
x y
y x
a
V u
+

+
+

+


+
+

$lo% around a circular cylinder


$lo% around an aerofoil
Kutta Condition
%he solution that we o/serve in
pra#ti#e is the one where the trailing
edge is a stagnation point. %his fixes
the #ir#ulation and hen#e lift per unit
span.
'deali(ed flo% around an
aerofoil
%he pro/le& /e#o&es finding the
distri/ution of along the surfa#e of
the aerofoil whi#h ensures the flow
follows the aerofoil #ontour and
satisfies the "utta #ondition that the
trailing edge is a stagnation point.
'deali(ed flo% around an
aerofoil
An#e we have deter&ined 8 we #an
deter&ine the velo#it) outside the
/oundar) la)er and hen#e the
pressure distri/ution fro& BernoulliBs
e3uation.
'deali(ed flo% around an
aerofoil
2e #an use nu&eri#al &ethods
*panel &ethods. to deter&ine *s. for
an aerofoil shape. %he predi#ted
pressure distri/utions agree with
experi&ental results at low angles of
atta#5 and high Re)nolds nu&/er.
*+,- 3.!.
Thin Aerofoil Theory
%hin aerofoil theor) is an older
approa#h whi#h &ade the additional
si&plif)ing assu&ption that the
aerofoil is thin and the vortex sheets
representing the /oundar) la)er #an
/e #ollapsed onto a vortex sheet
along the #hord line.
Thin Aerofoil Theory

1
]
1

c
c
s x
ds s
dx
dy
V
0
) (
2
1

Thin Aerofoil Theory


In thin aerofoil theor) we tr) to solve
for the fun#tion *s. whi#h ensures
that the #a&/er line of the aerofoil is
a strea&line. %he details are given in
+,- se#tions 4.314.!
Thin Aerofoil Theory
2e #an show that the pressure
differen#e a#ross a vortex sheet is
C whi#h is the lift per unit span per
unit length of the sheet. %his agrees
with the "utta16hu5ovs5) law given in
the first le#ture
Thin Aerofoil Theory
An#e we have solved for *s. we #an
deter&ine the lift per unit span and
the aerod)na&i# &o&ent a#ting on
aerofoil
Thin Aerofoil Theory
%hin aerofoil theor) a##uratel)
predi#ts the lift #urve slope8 the effe#t
of #a&/er line on the lift at ero angle
of atta#5 and the &o&ent #oeffi#ient.
It #an also /e used to esti&ate the
effe#t of a flap on lift8 pit#hing &o&ent
and hinge &o&ent.
Thin Aerofoil Theory
It #an /e &odified to in#lude the
thi#5ness effe#t of the aerofoil *+,-
4.D. /ut panel &ethods *+,- 4.10.
are re3uired to deter&ine the detailed
pressure distri/ution
A--lyin. Thin Aerofoil Theory
2e nor&all) transfor& the varia/le of
integration /) the following relation0
( )

d
c
dx
c
x
sin
2
cos 1
2

,
_

,
_

A--lyin. Thin Aerofoil Theory


2e also express the slope of the
#a&/er line as a <ourier #osine
series0

+
1
0
cos
n
n
c
n A A
dx
dy

A--lyin. Thin Aerofoil Theory


%he re3uire&ent that the #a&/erline
is a strea&line /e#o&es0
( )

1
]
1


0
1
1
0
cos cos
sin ) (
2
1
cos
d
n A A V
n
n
A--lyin. Thin Aerofoil Theory
%wo useful integral relations are0
( )
( )
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
cos
cos cos
sin sin
sin
sin
cos cos
cos


n
d n
n d n

A--lyin. the first relation/


( )
( )



0
1
0
1
cos cos
cos
1 n case For the
0
cos cos
0 n case For the
d
d
Thin Aerofoil Theory

,
_


sin
1 cos
) ( C
%his produ#es a #onstant downwash -/2 and
also gives 70 at x7# *7.. %his &eans0
-72C*1(o.
Thin Aerofoil Theory
2e use the other integral relation to
get the higher order ter&s. %he final
result is0
( ) ( )
1
]
1

+
+

1
0
sin
sin
1 cos
2
n
n
n A A V


Ex-ansion Coefficients

d n
dx
dy
A
d
dx
dy
A
c
n
c

0
0
0
cos
2
1
Thin Aerofoil Theory
2e #an now deter&ine the lift
( )
( )( )
????
sin sin 1 cos
sin
2
0
1
0
2
0
0

1
]
1

+ +

d n A A c V
d
c V
dx V l
n
n
c
Thin Aerofoil Theory
2e #an now deter&ine the lift
( )
( )( )
( )
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

+ +

1 0
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
2
sin sin 1 cos
sin
2
A A c V
d n A A c V
d
c V
dx V l
n
n
c

Thin Aerofoil Theory


In non1di&ensional ter&s0
( ) 2 2
0 1
+ A A C
l
Thin Aerofoil Theory
2e also deter&ine the &o&ent
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
????
cos 1 sin sin 1 cos
2
sin cos 1
4
0
1
0
2 2
0
2
0

1
]
1

+ +

d n A A
c V
d
c V
dx x V M
n
n
c
LE
Thin Aerofoil Theory
2e also deter&ine the &o&ent
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
1
]
1

1
]
1

+ +

2 4
cos 1 sin sin 1 cos
2
sin cos 1
4
2
1 0
2 2
0
1
0
2 2
0
2
0
A
A A
c V
d n A A
c V
d
c V
dx x V M
n
n
c
LE

Thin Aerofoil Theory


In non1di&ensional ter&s0
( )
1
]
1

+
2 2
2
1 0
A
A A C
LE
M

Thin Aerofoil Theory


<or an ar/itrar) referen#e point0
2e #an use this expression to
deter&ine the #entre of lift and the
aerod)na&i# #entre.
l M Mx
C
c
x
C C
LE

,
_

+
Thin Aerofoil Theory
%he Aerodynamic Centre is the point
where the &o&ent is independent of
angle of atta#5. <ro& the
expressions given a/ove we #an
show that the (erod)na&i# -entre is
at the 3uarter #hord point.

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