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    Measuring and Scaling of Quantitative Data: UNIT - III

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    Venu Gopal
    This document discusses measuring and scaling of quantitative data. It begins by defining measurement as assigning numbers to describe a property, and a scale as measuring the intensity of a construct on a continuum. There are four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. It then discusses the process of measurement and various methods and types of scales like Likert, semantic differential, and Guttman scales. The document concludes by discussing the importance of reliability, which indicates consistency, and validity, which ensures accurate measurement of the intended concept. It outlines different aspects of reliability and validity like content, criterion, and construct validity.

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    Measuring and Scaling of Quantitative Data: UNIT - III

    Uploaded by

    Venu Gopal
    35 views28 pages
    This document discusses measuring and scaling of quantitative data. It begins by defining measurement as assigning numbers to describe a property, and a scale as measuring the intensity of a construct on a continuum. There are four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. It then discusses the process of measurement and various methods and types of scales like Likert, semantic differential, and Guttman scales. The document concludes by discussing the importance of reliability, which indicates consistency, and validity, which ensures accurate measurement of the intended concept. It outlines different aspects of reliability and validity like content, criterion, and construct validity.

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    UNIT - iii

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    This document discusses measuring and scaling of quantitative data. It begins by defining measurement as assigning numbers to describe a property, and a scale as measuring the intensity of a construct on a continuum. There are four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. It then discusses the process of measurement and various methods and types of scales like Likert, semantic differential, and Guttman scales. The document concludes by discussing the importance of reliability, which indicates consistency, and validity, which ensures accurate measurement of the intended concept. It outlines different aspects of reliability and validity like content, criterion, and construct validity.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    35 views28 pages

    Measuring and Scaling of Quantitative Data: UNIT - III

    Uploaded by

    Venu Gopal
    This document discusses measuring and scaling of quantitative data. It begins by defining measurement as assigning numbers to describe a property, and a scale as measuring the intensity of a construct on a continuum. There are four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. It then discusses the process of measurement and various methods and types of scales like Likert, semantic differential, and Guttman scales. The document concludes by discussing the importance of reliability, which indicates consistency, and validity, which ensures accurate measurement of the intended concept. It outlines different aspects of reliability and validity like content, criterion, and construct validity.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 28

    Measuring and Scaling of Quantitative Data

    UNIT -iii

    Agenda
    What are measuring and scaling? Levels of measurement Process of measurement Methods of scaling Types of scales Reliability and validity of scales

    What are measuring and scaling?


    Measurement: The process of describing some
    property of a phenomenon by assigning numbers. Scale: A type of composite measure composed of several items that have a logical or empirical structure among them. It allows to measure the intensity or direction of a construct by aligning the responses on a continuum.

    If a thing exists, it exists in some amount; and if it exists in some amount, it can be measured.
    E. L. Thorndike (1914)

    Levels of measurement
    Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

    Nominal
    A categorical variable, also called a nominal
    variable, is for mutual exclusive, but not ordered, categories.

    Nominal scales are mere codes assigned to objects


    as labels, they are not measurements.

    Not a measure of quantity. Measures identity and


    difference. People either belong to a group or they do not.

    Sometimes numbers are used to designate


    category membership.

    Examples: Gender, eye color, marital status

    Ordinal
    This scale has the ability to rank the individual
    attributes of two items in same group but unit of measurement is not available in this scale, like student A is taller than student B but their actual heights are not available.

    Designates an ordering: greater than, less


    than.

    Does not assume that the intervals between


    numbers are equal.

    Interval
    Classifies data into groups or categories Designates an equal-interval ordering The difference in temperature between 20 degrees
    F and 25 degrees F is the same as the difference o o between 76 degrees F and 81 degrees F
    o o

    Zero point on the interval scale is arbitrary zero, it


    is not the true zero point

    Common IQ tests are assumed to be interval


    measures

    Ratio
    This is the highest level of measurement and has
    the properties of other three levels; coupled with fixed origin or zero point.

    Measurements of heights of students in a class


    (zero means complete lack of height).

    Someone 6 ft tall is twice as tall as someone 3 feet


    tall.

    Heart beats per minute has a very natural zero


    point. Zero means no heart beats.

    Process of measurement

    Define concepts to be measured Define attributes of the concepts Select level of measurement (data type) Generate items/questions
    Wording Response format

    Layout and design questionnaire Pretest and refine

    Methods of scaling
    Rating scales

    Have several response categories and are used to obtain responses with regard to the object, event, or person studied. Make comparisons between or among objects, events, persons and obtain the preferred choices and ranking among them.

    Ranking scales

    Types of scales

    Likert scale Semantic differential scale Stapel scale Graphic rating scale Thurstone scale Guttman scale Paired comparison scale Forced choice Comparative scale

    Likert scale
    Is designed to examine how strongly subjects agree or
    disagree with statements on a 5-point scale.

    Semantic differential scale


    Several bipolar attributes are identified at the
    extremes of the scale, and respondents are asked to indicate their attitudes.

    Stapel scale
    This scale simultaneously measure both
    the direction and intensity of the attitude toward the items under study. It is a slight modification of semantic differential scale. The scale consists of a single adjective in the middle of positive and negative numbers

    Stapel scale

    Graphic rating scale


    A graphical representation helps the
    respondents to indicate their answers to particular question by placing a mark at the appropriate point on the line.

    Thurstone scale
    This technique assesses the extent of agreement
    among a group of judges about the proposed items for a scale. For example, one might ask a group of persons to judge how closely 25 different items come to measuring self-esteem. Then, one might select the 10 items that received the highest average scores for having content validity with self-esteem. It can help find the best questions to ask to measure an abstract concept. It does not specify how a question or set of questions should be formatted on a questionnaire.

    Guttman scale
    Who agrees with an item will also agree with all other
    items expressing a less extreme position Using a series of statements to reflect the strength of attitudes

    I think the following contains pornographic materials. Subject A B C Scale Value


    Adult movies rated XXX Playboy magazine Lingerie ads New York Times [Yes] [Yes] [Yes] [No] [Yes] [Yes] [No] [No] [Yes] [No] [No] [No] 4 3 2 1

    Paired comparison scale


    The respondents are asked to
    choose between two objects at a time.

    Forced choice
    Enables respondents to rank
    objects relative to one another, among the alternatives provided.

    Comparative scale
    Provides a benchmark or a point of
    reference to assess attitudes toward the current object, event, or situation under study.

    Reliability of scale
    Indicates the extent to which it is
    without bias (error free) and hence ensures consistent measurement across time and across the various items in the instrument.

    Types of reliability
    Stability of measures

    Test-retest reliability Parallel-form reliability Inter-item consistency reliability


    Cronbachs alpha

    Internal consistency of measures

    Split-half reliability

    Validity of scale
    Ensures the ability of a scale to indeed
    measure the concept we want to measure and not something else.
    Content validity Criterion related validity Construct validity

    Content validity
    Ensures that the measure includes an
    adequate and representative set of items that tap the concept.
    A panel of judges

    Criterion related validity


    Is established when the measure
    differentiates individuals on a criterion it is expected to predict.
    Concurrent validity: established when the

    scale differentiates individuals who are known to be different Predictive validity: indicates the ability of measuring instrument to differentiate among individuals with reference to future criterion

    Construct validity
    Testifies to how well the results obtained from
    the use of the measure fit the theories around which the test is designed.
    Convergent validity: established when the scores
    obtained with two different instruments measuring the same concept are highly correlated Discriminant validity: established when, based on theory, two variables are predicted to be uncorrelated, and the scores obtained by measuring them are indeed empirically found to be so

    THANKS A LOT

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