Satellite Communication Systems

Dr. Rashid A. Saeed

Sudan University of Science and Technology

Agenda

Taaruf Textbooks Course content Assessment and Grading How to communicate Q&A
6-Nov-13 2

Taaruf
Assoc. Dr. Rashid A. Saeed
Room No. : Room 6 HP : 0961343660 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Facebook: Rashid Abdelhaleem Saeed
or

Lecture time: 4.00 7.00pm Tutorial: Consultation hour: per appointment

Textbook(s)

Assessment and Grading

Method
Mid-term Examination Final Examination Assignments/Projects/Presentations Quizzes

%
30 40 20 10

Course Content
Weeks Topics Task/Reading

11/2 18/2 25/2 3/3 10/3 17/3 24/3 31/3 7/4 14/4 21/4 28/4 5/5

Overview of Satellite Systems Orbits and Launching Methods The Geostationary Orbit Radio Wave Propagation Polarization/Antennas The Space Segment/The Earth Segment Midterm Exam Analog Signals & Error Control Coding The Space Link Interference Satellites in Networks Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Television Satellite Mobile and Specialized Services

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5/6 Chapter 7/8 Chapter 9/10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15
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Ch 1: Overview of Satellite Systems

Wireless Classification
Wireless system, definition is connecting between two point without the use of wired connection. This can be accomplished by:
Sonic Infrared Optical Radio frequency acoustic
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Wireless Classificationcontd
Another way system as: to categorize wireless

Point-to-point (PTP)
Remote control, microwave link, etc

Point-to-multipoint (PMP)
AM and FM broadcast radio and TV, LMDS: uses in TV broadcast and internet access, i.e. WiMAX

Multipoint-to-multipoint (MTM)
What is the different between point-to-point and peer to peer

Wireless Communication Systems Today

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Intelsat 10 at 68.5 E Africa footprint.

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Telestar 12 footprint

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NileSat footprint

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Advantages of Satellites
The advantages of satellite communication over terrestrial communication are:
The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of a terrestrial system. Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from the center of the coverage area. Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise. Higher Bandwidths are available for use.

Disadvantages of Satellites
Launching satellites into orbit is costly. Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up. There is a larger propagation delay in satellite communication than in terrestrial communication.

Satellite-Related Terms
Earth Stations antenna systems on or near earth Uplink transmission from an earth station to a satellite Downlink transmission from a satellite to an earth station Transponder electronics in the satellite that convert uplink signals to downlink signals

Satellite System Elements

Space Segment
Satellite Coverage Region

Earth Stations

SCC TT&C Ground Station

Ground Segment
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Space Segment
Satellite Launching Phase Transfer Orbit Phase Deployment Operation

TT&C - Tracking Telemetry and Command Station SSC - Satellite Control Center, a.k.a.: Provides link signal monitoring for Link Maintenance and Interference monitoring.
OCC - Operations Control Center SCF - Satellite Control Facility

Retirement Phase

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Satellite Subsystems
Communications
Antennas Transponders

Common Subsystem (Bus Subsystem)

Telemetry/Command (TT&C) Satellite Control (antenna pointing,attitude) Propulsion Electrical Power Structure Thermal Control

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Satellite Services
Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)
Example: telephone system, Sat to Cable

Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS)

Example: Satellite Television/Radio Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS). In Europe called DTH

Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)

Include land mobile, maritime mobile, and aeronautical mobile.

Navigational satellite services i.e. GPS Meteorological satellite services i.e. Weather and rescue service
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Frequency Bands

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Frequency Allocations for Satellite Services

To facilitate frequency planning, the world is divided into three regions:
Region 1: Europe, Africa Region 2: North and South America and Greenland Region 3: Asia, Australia, and the southwest Pacific

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Frequency Bands
Different kinds of frequency bands. satellites use different

LBand: 1 to 2 GHz, used by MSS S-Band: 2 to 4 GHz, used by MSS, NASA, deep space research C-Band: 4 to 8 GHz, used by FSS the "BUD" (Big Ugly Dish) band X-Band: 8 to 12.5 GHz, used by FSS and in terrestrial imaging, ex: military and meteorological satellites Ku-Band: 12.5 to 18 GHz: used by FSS and BSS (DBS)
There are more than 22 FSS Ku band satellites orbiting over North America, each carrying 12 to 48 transponders,

K-Band: 18 to 26.5 GHz: used by FSS and BSS Ka-Band: 26.5 to 40 GHz: used by FSS

Space-Earth Frequency Usability

22.2GHz (H20) 53.5-65.2 GHz (Oxygen)

Atmospheric attenuation effects for Space-to-Earth as a function of frequency (clear air conditions). (a) Oxygen; (b) Water vapor. [Source: ITU 1988]
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Satellites orbits
GEO 36,000 km

Satellite Orbits
GEO LEO MEO HEO HAPs
MEO LEO 5,000 15,000 km 500 -1000 km

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Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)

These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the earth at the same speed as the earth rotates. This means GEO satellites remain in the same position relative to the surface of earth. now over 200 active commercial communications satellites in geostationary orbit.

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Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

LEO satellites are much closer to the earth than GEO satellites, ranging from 500 to 1,500 km above the surface. LEO satellites dont stay in fixed position relative to the surface, and are only visible for 15 to 20 minutes each pass. A network of LEO satellites is necessary for LEO satellites to be useful

LEO (cont.)
Disadvantages
A network of LEO satellites is needed, which can be costly LEO satellites have to compensate for Doppler shifts cause by their relative movement. Atmospheric drag effects LEO satellites, causing gradual orbital deterioration.

Doppler Shift

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Cospas-Sarsat system
the emergency radio beacons was at a frequency of 121.5 MHz.
98% of the alerts were false Due to the interference to this band The 121.5-MHz system relies entirely on the Doppler shift,
the carrier does not carry any identification information.

The power is low, typically a few tenths of a watt,

which limits locational accuracy to about 10 to 20 km.

the 121.5-MHz service was terminate on February 1, 2009

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Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking (SarSat)

Newer system operating at the band 406 MHz are being introduced. accuracy to 3 to 5 km The 406-MHz carrier is modulated with information such as an identifying code, the last known position, and the nature of the emergency.

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Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)

A MEO satellite is in orbit 8,000 km 18,000 km MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than LEO satellites, usually between 2 to 8 hours. MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites. A.k.a. Intermediate Circular Orbits (ICO),

Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO)

Known as Molniya Orbit Satellites
Used by Russia for decades. Molniya Orbit is an elliptical orbit. The satellite remains in a nearly fixed position relative to earth for eight hours. A series of three Molniya satellites can act like a GEO satellite. Useful in near polar regions.

Other Orbits (cont.)

High Altitude Platform (HAP)
One of the newest ideas in satellite communication. A blimp or plane around 20 km above the earths surface is used as a satellite. HAPs would have very small coverage area, but would have a comparatively strong signal. Cheaper to put in position, but would require a lot of them in a network.

INTELSAT
Stand for International Telecommunications Satellite. created in 1964 and currently has over 140 member countries
one 36 MHz transponder is capable of carrying about 9000 voice channels, or two analog TV channels, or about eight digital TV channels.
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DOMSAT

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Direct broadcasting satellite system

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Characteristics of a few communications satellites in use

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Satellite Application
Satellite Internet Satellite Mobile Satellite Radio Satellite TV

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Satellite Internet

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Satellite Internet

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Satellite Internet

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Satellite Mobile

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Problems

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TRANSCEIVER DESIGN

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Typical receiver blocks

(LNB) low-noise block converter
Antenna

RF

IF

BB

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Transponder

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Duplexing

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RF communication channel

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Propagation Effects

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RF Transceiver at Glance

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Digital Communication System

TRANSMITTER

Source Data

Source Coding

Channel Coding

Modulator

RF Channel Output Data

Source Decoding

Channel Decoder

Demodulator

RECEIVER

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Digital Tx & Rx

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FM transceiver vs. Mobile Transceiver

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Disciplines required in RF system design

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RF Circuit Design Hexagon

Several trade-offs in RF design In digital design only one main trade-off between speed and power

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Ultimate objective
Single-chip transceiver Minimum external components Inductors and capacitors integrated on chip

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Antenna
Convert RF signal to electromagnetic waves and vice versa
Same antenna is used for Tx and Rx by using reciprocal feature

Antenna characteristics:
Operating frequency range Size Pattern coverage

Radiation pattern of antenna is a plot of the txed or Rxed signal strength versus position around the antenna
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Diplexing Filter
isolation Tx and Rx channels, to avoid interference
Isolation between Tx and Rx should be about 120dB Bandpass filterer at the input of the Rx can be used to attenuate the transmitter signals. Same antenna should be used for Tx and Rx Duplexing filter should be used to
separate Tx from Rx signals, and Provide attenuation between Tx and Rx signals Transmit/Receive (T/R) switch can be used in half-duplex wireless systems

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Antennae2
Antenna size decreases with the increase in frequency
=c/f

The gain of the antenna is proportional to its cross-sectional area divided by 2

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Filters
To reject unwanted signals Important parameters:
Cut-off frequency Insertion loss Out-of-band attenuation rate

Another important factor is integrability with other circuit components

Difficult to integrate high performance bandpass filters in IC forms Has high insertion loss and low out-of-band attenuation rate So, it uses off-chip filters located on the circuit board rather than fully integrated filter

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All outside even they may being produced from different materials

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Filter2
From 800MHz to 4GHz
Most of the BPF made with dielectric resonators which has small size and high Q and reasonable IL At IF (below 100MHZ)
BPF made by using Quartz or surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices SAW filters have very sharp cutoff, but has high IL (20dB)

At higher MW and mmW

BPF uses waveguide resonators

LPFs have less stringent requirements than BPF: usually are made of
simple LC networks Parallel coupled lines, or Transmission line stubs
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Amplifier
There are three main categories of amplifier used in wireless:
Low noise amplifier (LNA) Power amplifier (PA) IF amplifier

11/6/2013

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Amplifier2
Importance specifications for Amplifiers:
Power Gain (in dB) Noise Figure (NF) Intercept point (IP)

Transistor amplifier is non-linear devices

Saturation
Saturation happen because the output voltage of an amplifier cant exceed the bias voltage level. Saturation is usually only an issue with PAs

Harmonic distortion
usually is very low, however at cube of the input signal is increases. In practice it is important to keep distortion levels as low as 5080dB below the output level.
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Amplifier..3
Si transistors is inexpensive and have frequencies up to several GHz Previously Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) transistors were required for frequencies at above 1GHz,
However, GaAs processing is very expensive and incompatible with silicon-based IC fabrication.

Another promising germanium (SiGe),

technology

is

silicon

Which can be used at higher frequencies than silicon and lower cost than GaAs,
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Mixer

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Oscillator
Is required in the Rx and Tx to provide frequency conversion Typical Tx and Rx each may use as many as 4-6 oscillators RF oscillators Hartley, Colpitts oscillators
Use transistor with LC network (to control the frequency of oscillation) Better frequency control is uses quartz crystal in place of LC resonators (Pierce Oscillator) In crystal oscillators is difficult to tune the frequency PLL (frequency synthesizer) can be used for accurate output frequency
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Oscillator2

Hartley Oscillator

Colpitts Oscillator

Pierce Oscillator

Clapp oscillator

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Transceiver Architecture for ground station

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Thank you