Trauma Stensen Duct

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MANAJEMEN TRAUMA DUKTUS PAROTIKUS

AHMAD YASIN DIV. BEDAH PLASTIK DEP. ILMU BEDAH FK UNIV. PADJADJARAN RS. DR. HASAN SADIKIN

I'm a surgeon. I make an incision, do what needs to be done and sew up the wound.
Richard Selzer Professor of Surgery of Yale University

History
RIOLAN 1648: Identified the glandular substance of

parotid NIELS STENSON 1660: Identified the parotid duct in sheep THOMAS WARTON 1656 Identified the submandibular gland and duct HEYFELDER 1825: Avoided the facial nerve after parotidectomy VELPEAU 1830: Identified trunk of facial nerve BELL AND VELPEAU: Determined the facial nerve was responsible for facial animation. Determined facial sensation was from CN V.

Anatomical Considerations
Two

submandibular Two Parotid Two sublingual > 400 minor salivary glands

Minor salivary glands


These lie just under mucosa. Distributed over lips, cheeks,

palate, floor of mouth & retromolar area. Also appear in upper aerodigestive tract Contribute 10% of total salivary volume.

Parotid Gland
The parotid gland represents the

largest salivary gland The following lists the boundaries of the parotid compartment: Superior border Zygoma Posterior border External Auditory Canal Inferior border Styloid Process, Styloid Process musculature, Internal Carotid Artery, Jugular Veins Anterior border a diagonal line drawn from the Zygomatic root to the EAC

The parotid duct, or Stensen duct,


courses anteriorly from the parotid gland over the masseter muscle it pierces the buccinator muscle to enter through the buccal mucosa, usually opposite the second maxillary molar. The Stensen duct can be found approximately 1.5 cm below the zygoma.

Facial nerve divides the gland into the superficial (80 %) and deep lobe (20%)

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Parotid Gland
Cranial Nerve VII divides it into 2 surgical

zones (the superficial and deep lobes). After exiting the foramen, it turns laterally to enter the gland at its posterior margin. The nerve then branches at the Pes Anserinus (gooses foot) approximately 1.3 cm from the stylomastoid foramen. The nerve then gives rise to 2 divisions:

1)Temperofacial (upper) 2)Cervicofacial (lower)

Cranial Nerve VII


Followed by 5

terminal branches: 1)Temporal 2)Zygomatic 3)Buccal 4)Marginal Mandibular 5)Cervical

Parotid Gland
80% of the gland overlies the

Masseter and mandible. The remaining 20% of the gland (the retromandibular portion
This portion of the gland lies in

the Prestyloid Compartment of the Parapharyngeal space

Parotid Gland
Stensens duct arises from the anterior

border of the Parotid and parallels the Zygomatic arch, 1.5 cm inferior to the inferior margin of the arch. It runs superficial to the masseter muscle, then turns medially 90 degrees to pierce the Buccinator muscle at the level of the second maxillary molar where it opens onto the oral cavity.

Parotid Gland
Neural compartment VII, Great Auricular, Auriculotemporal
Venous compartment Retromandibular vein Arterial compartment Superficial Temporal/Transverse Facial

Lymphatic drainage The parotid gland has two layers of draining lymph nodes. The superficial layer (periparotid ) lies beneath the capsule, and The deeper layer (intraparotid) lies within the parotid parenchyma.

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Functions of saliva include the following:


It has a cleansing action on the teeth It moistens and lubricates food during mastication and

swallowing It dissolves certain molecules so that food can be tasted It begins the chemical digestion of starches through the action of amylase, which breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides. The saliva from the parotid gland is a rather thin, watery fluid, but the saliva from the sublingual and the submandibular glands contains mucus and is much thicker.

PAROTID DUCT INJURIES


Pasien pasien yang mengalami cedera pada duktus

parotikus, 47% diantaranya dapat sembuh tanpa adanya komplikasi. Komplikasi awal pada pasien dengan cedera duktus parotikus yaitu 21% dapat berupa sialocele yang dapat terbentuk dalam 4 jam pertama paska trauma

Classification of Injuries
Tipe 1 : terjadi kompresi dari duktus

stensen pada kurvatura di sekitar m.masseter akibat dari tekanan dari Superficial Muscular Aponeurotic System ( SMAS ). Jenis cedera ini menyebabkan pembengkakan yang bersifat sementara pada kebanyakan pasien ( Gambar 1 S ) Tipe 2 : laserasi dari kapsula kelenjar parotis. Tipe cedera ini menyebabkan pembengkakan pada lokasi dimana terjadinya laserasi. ( gambar 1 b ) Tipe 3 : kompresi dari duktus stensen pada kurvatura di sekitar m.masseter akibat dari tekanan yang berasal dari SMAS dan laserasi dari kapsula kelenjar parotis ( Kombinasi tipe 1 + tipe 2 ). Tipe 4 : ruptur komplit ataupun luka penetrasi dari saluran air liur atau salah satu dari percabangan utama yang mengakibatkan sialocele yang terdapat pada area penetrasi. ( gambar 1 C )

Etiologies of Injury
Diklasifikasikan berdasarkan mekanisme, lokasi, dan

daya trauma penyebab cedera :

Akut
Laserasi, Luka tembus Avulsi ( akibat gigitan binatang ataupun manusia ) Trauma tumpul ( dimana jaringan mengalami kompresi dengan ataupun tanpa rusaknya duktus parotikus).

Kronis
iritasi kronis dari struktur gigi geligi yang mengiritasi lubang saluran duktus parotikus Benda asing ( corpus alienum ) di dalam saluran duktus parotikus Radiasi Eksterna

Examinations & Evaluations


Status regional : kulit, mukosa mulut, lidah, dan struktur gigi geligi serta penilaian adanya fraktur pada tulang di sekelilingnya dan Otot otot daerah wajah serta mastikasi adanya cedera yang biasanya ditandai dengan adanya air liur pada luka trauma. Fungsi dari nervus fasialis dan percabangannya dan nervus lingualis dan nervus hipoglosalis juga harus diperhatikan pada pasien pasien yang mengalami cedera di area parotis. Bila terdapat keraguan, dilakukan kanulasi pada duktus parotikus mealui lubang bukaan alami dengan suatu probe lakrimal ataupun kateterisasi

Penilaian nervus fasialis :

Gerakan tersenyum, menyeringai, mencucu bibir dan juga gerakan meniup. Fungsi sensorik dan motorik pada lidah juga harus dinilai. Pada kasus kasus transeksi nervus, bagian distal perlu dinilai dengan stimulator elektrik.

Trauma pada area wajah dengan melibatkan daya yang

cukup untuk menyebabkan fraktur tulang wajah dapat dikaitkan dengan cedera kelenjar liur, terutama kelenjar parotis beserta sistem salurannya. Terdapat beberapa laporan kasus fraktur maxilla disertai laserasi dari duktus stensen yang telah mengalami proses penyembuhan dengan adanya fistula parotid antral. Secara klinis, pasien pasien tersebut mengalami rinnorrhoea prandial.

Aspirasi cairan dari area area pembengkakan di

sekitar area parotis. Kadar amylase yang lebih dari 10.000 units/liter dapat mengkonfirmasi adanya suatu cedera pada kelenjar parotis beserta salurannya.

Radiologic Imagings
Sialografi pemeriksaan sialografi dengan menyuntikan kontras kedalam duktus kelenjar parotis sehingga jalur dari aliran saliva dapat divisualisasikan melalui foto polos. tidak boleh dilakukan apabila pasien menderita infeksi akut kelenjar liur, memiliki hipersensitivitas terhadap iodium yang merupakan salah satu komponen dalam pemeriksaan sialografi.

MRI vs CT

Concluded:

MRI better at distinguishing intrinsic vs extrinsic Inaccuracy rate of both MRI and CT was the same MRI 3x more expensive than CT CT and MRI are morphologically equivalent studies and have the same diagnostic tools

Post-Operative XRT

Management of Stensons Duct Injuries


1. Magnification of operating areas

2. Cannulation of the duct through the orifice


3. Pressing on the gland to express saliva into the

wound to identify the proximal portion of the duct 4. Ductal lacerations should be repaired as soon as feasible 5. Ductal lacerations should be suspected if weakness of upper lip on puckering with a laceration of the cheek 6. Stensens duct is located on a line drawn from the tragus to the midpoint between the upper lip margin and the columella

The duct is usually located inferior to a small artery and superior to a branch of facial nerve 8. Duct laceration should be suspected in all cheek wounds located lateral to the vertical line of the pupil and inferior to a line at the level of tragus 9. Surgical techinques :
7.

Fixation of the ductal splint Suturing the splint to the oral mucosa Taping the splint to the face Combinations Passing the splint through the parenchyma of the gland and through the skin ( Abramson, 1973).

10. Significant injury of stensons duct rerouting of the

remaining duct through the buccal mucosa and creation of a fish mouth opening to prevent stenosis.

TERIMA KASIH

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