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Chapter 1 The Crystal Structure of Solids

This document provides an overview of crystal structures of solids and semiconductor materials. It discusses that the electrical properties of semiconductor materials are determined by the arrangement of atoms in the solid. There are three main types of solids: amorphous, polycrystalline, and single crystal. Single crystal materials have the highest degree of order and regular arrangement of atoms, leading to superior electrical properties important for semiconductor devices. The periodic arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice is described using unit cells and Miller indices, which characterize crystal planes and directions.

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429 views16 pages

Chapter 1 The Crystal Structure of Solids

This document provides an overview of crystal structures of solids and semiconductor materials. It discusses that the electrical properties of semiconductor materials are determined by the arrangement of atoms in the solid. There are three main types of solids: amorphous, polycrystalline, and single crystal. Single crystal materials have the highest degree of order and regular arrangement of atoms, leading to superior electrical properties important for semiconductor devices. The periodic arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice is described using unit cells and Miller indices, which characterize crystal planes and directions.

Uploaded by

drmashiurrahman
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 2

Chapter 1
The Crystal Structure of Solids
Preview

Our interest : electrical properties and
characteristics of semiconductor materials and
devices.

Electrical properties of a single-crystal material
are determined not only by the chemical
composition but also by the arrangement of
atoms in the solid.
SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS
Compound semiconductor

Binary (two element): GaN, GaP, GaAs
 Ternary (three element) : GaAsP, AlxGa1-xAs

Quaternary (four element) : InGaAsP
TYPES OF SOLIDS
Characterized by the size of an ordered region within the
material.
Ordered region is a spatial volume in which atoms or molecules
have a regular geometric arrangement or periodicity.

Amorphous Polycrystalline Single Crystal


Amorphous materials have order only within
a few atomic or molecular dimensions,
Polycrystalline materials have a high degree
of order over many atomic or molecular
dimensions.
Single-crystal materials, ideally, have a high
degree of order, or regular geometric
periodicity, throughout the entire volume of the
material.
The single-crystal regions are called grains
and are separated from one another by grain
boundaries.
Advantage of a single-crystal material: superior
electrical properties.
SPACE LATTICES

A representative unit, or group of atoms, is
repeated at regular intervals in each of the
three dimensions to form the single crystal. The
periodic arrangement of atoms in the crystal is
called the lattice.

We can represent a particular atomic array by a
dot that is called a lattice point.

A unit cell is a small volume of the crystal that
can be used to reproduce the entire crystal
Where p, q, and s are integers. Since the
location of the origin is arbitrary, we will
let p. q, and s be positive integers for
simplicity.
Basic Crystal Structures
Exercise
Crystal Planes and Miller Indices

Since real crystals are not infinitely large, they
eventually terminate at a surface.
Semiconductor devices are fabricated at or
near a surface, so the surface properties may
influence the device characteristics.
Planes and Directions
• Find the intercepts of the plane with the crystal axes and express
those intercepts as integral multiples of the basis vectors.
• Take the reciprocals of the three integers found in step 1 and
reduce these to smallest set of integers h, k and l, which have the
same relationship to each other as the three reciprocals.
• Label the plane (hkl)
The three integers h, k and l are called Miller indices.
If an intercepts occurs on the negative branch of an asix, the minus
sign is placed above the Miller index for convenience, such as

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