Modulation of Digital and Analog Data
Modulation of Digital and Analog Data
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Digital-to-Analog Conversion Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Bit/Baud Comparison Modems
Digital-to-analog modulation
Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate is the number of signal units per second. Baud rate is less than or equal to the bit rate. Bit rate is important in computer efficiency Baud rate is important in data transmission.
Baud rate determines the bandwidth required to send signal
The bit rate of a signal is 3000. If each signal unit carries 6 bits, what is the baud rate?
Baud rate = 3000/6 =500 bauds/sec
On/Off keying
The strength of the carrier signal is varied to represent binary 1 and 0. Frequency and phase remains the same. Highly susceptible to noise interference. Used up to 1200 bps on voice grade lines, and on optical fiber.
BW = (1 + d) * Nd Find the minimum bandwidth for an ASK signal transmitting at 2000 bps. The transmission mode is half-duplex.
In ASK the baud rate and bit rate are the same. The baud rate is therefore 2000. An ASK signal requires a minimum bandwidth equal to its baud rate. Therefore, the minimum bandwidth is 2000 Hz.
FSK shifts between two carrier frequencies FSK spectrum = combination of two ASK spectra centered on fc1 and fc0. BW = fc1-fc0 + Nbaud
What is the maximum bit rates for an FSK signal if the bandwidth of the medium is 12,000 Hz and the difference between the two carriers is 2000 Hz. Transmission is in full-duplex mode.
Because the transmission is full duplex, only 6000 Hz is allocated for each direction. BW = baud rate + fc1 - fc0 Baud rate = BW - (fc1 - fc0 ) = 6000 - 2000 = 4000 But because the baud rate is the same as the bit rate, the bit rate is 4000 bps.
8-PSK
We can extend, by varying the the signal by shifts of 45 deg (instead of 90 deg in 4-PSK) With 8 = 23 different phases, each phase can represents 3 bits (tribit).
Bandwith similar to ASK, but data rate can 2 or more times greater. What is the bandwidth for a 4-PSK signal transmitting at 2000 bps. Transmission is in half-duplex mode.
For PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth, which means the baud rate is 5000. But in 8-PSK the bit rate is 3 times the baud rate, so the bit rate is 15,000 bps. For PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth, which means the baud rate is 5000. But in 8-PSK the bit rate is 3 times the baud rate, so the bit rate is 15,000 bps.
Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an 8-PSK signal, what are the baud rate and bit rate?
Quadrature amplitude modulation is a combination of ASK and PSK so that a maximum contrast between each signal unit (bit, dibit, tribit, and so on) is achieved.
We can have x variations in phase and y variations of amplitude x y possible variation (greater data rates)
Second example, recommendation of OSI. not all possibilities are used, to increase readability of signal, measurable differences between shifts are increased
First example handles noise best Because of ratio of phases to amplitudes ITU-T recommendation.
Assuming a FSK signal over voice-grade phone line can send 1200 bps, it requires 1200 signal units to send 1200 bits (each frequency shift represents one bit, baud rate 1200) Assuming 8-QAM, baud rate is only 400 to achieve same data rate.
Modulation ASK, FSK, 2-PSK 4-PSK, 4-QAM 8-PSK, 8-QAM 16-QAM 32-QAM 64-QAM 128-QAM 256-QAM
Bits/Ba ud 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Baud rate N N N N N N N N
Bit Rate N 2N 3N 4N 5N 6N 7N 8N
The constellation indicates 8-PSK with the points 45 degrees apart. Since 23 = 8, 3 bits are transmitted with each signal unit. Therefore, the baud rate is 4800 / 3 = 1600 baud
A 16-QAM signal has 4 bits per signal unit since log216 = 4. Thus, (1000)(4) = 4000 bps
A 64-QAM signal has 6 bits per signal unit since log2 64 = 6. Therefore, 72000 / 6 = 12,000 baud
Phone modems
Uses a combined modulation and encoding technique: Trellis coded Modulation. Trellis = QAM + a redundant bit 5 bit (pentabit) = 4 data + 1 calculated from data. A signal distorted by noise can arrive closer to an adjacent point than the intended point (extra bit is therefore used to adjust) Less likely to be misread than a QAM signal.
V-series (cont.)
V-32.bis
(7 bits/baud with 1 bit for error control) at a rate 2400 baud 2400 * 6 = 14,400 bps
Adjustment of the speed upward or downward depending on the quality of the line or signal Bit rate of 28,800 bps with 960-point constellation to 1664-point constellation for a bit rate of 33,600 bps.
V-34 bis
V-series (cont.)
V-90
Traditionally modems have a limitation on data rate (max. 33.6 Kbps) V-90 modems can be used (up to 56Kbps) if using digital signaling.
For example, Through an
PC) has a 56 Kbps limitation. Uploading rate (from PC to IST) has a 33.6 Kbps limitation.
V-90/92 (cont.)
V-90
In uploading, signal still to be sampled at the switching station. Limit due to noise sampling. Phone company samples at 8000 times/sec with 8 bits (including bit error)
Data rate = 8000 * 7 = 56Kbps
In download, signal is not affected by sampling. Speed adjustment Upload data at 48Kbps. Call waiting service
V-92
Analog-to-analog modulation
Amplitude modulation
The total bandwidth required for AM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BWt = 2 x BWm.
AM band allocation
Bandwidth of an audio signal is 5KHz. An AM radio station needs at least a minimum bandwidth of 10 KHz. AM stations are allowed carrier freq between 530 and 1700 KHz. If One station uses 1100 KHz the next one uses 1110 KHz
Frequency modulation
The bandwidth of a stereo audio signal is usually 15 KHz. Therefore, an FM station needs at least a bandwidth of 150 KHz. The minimum bandwidth is at least 200 KHz (0.2 MHz).
FM band allocation