VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION IN BLDGS.

ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OF VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION Elevators Design Considerations Elevator Selection Parameters Architectural implications

Vertical Transportation
Need of Today: For efficient functioning of bldg. Mandatory for 15m height. Means of vertical transport: Staircase Lifts Escalators For efficient service- No. & type of lifts must take into account several factors including: type of bldg. nature of its occupancy

Passenger Elevator Components

Traction Elevator car cables elevator machine controls counterweight hoistway rails penthouse pit The principal means of vertical transport in tall buildings is the roped elevator. It moves by a direct current electric motor, which raises and lowers the cab in a shaft with wire ropes running over a series of sheaves at the motor and the cab itself; the ropes terminate in a sliding counterweight that moves up and down the same shaft as the cab, reducing the energy required to move the elevator.

Performance Criteria
minimum waiting time
comfortable acceleration rapid transportation smooth/rapid slowing

accurate leveling
rapid loading/unloading quick/quiet door operation good visual travel direction/floor indicators

easily operated controls

comfortable lighting reliable emergency equipment smooth/safe operation of mechanical equipment

Classification
Passenger elevators range in: capacity : 910 to 2,275 kilograms (2,000 to 5,000 pounds) Passenger Speed: 90 to 510 metres per minute Freight freight elevators Special service hold up to 4,500 kilograms (10,000 pounds). speed of elevators is limited to the current value of 510 metres per minute by the acceleration Escalators passengers can accept and the rate of change of air pressure with height, which at this speed begins to cause eardrum discomfort.

Elevators

Location:
-Sited in central area taking into account the proximity of entrance & staircases.
-Usually preferable to group no. of lifts together rather than spread them thru out. -Although passenger walking time is saved by spreading the lifts, this is offset by the

increase in average waiting time for standing waiting than they are by walking to it.
Grouping reduces cost of installation. -demand on lift or staircase can be increased or decreased by its placement.

-In department stores lifts to be easily seen & accessible to encourage customers to
visit the upper sales floors. In hospitals bed lift is reqd close to the operating theatre in addition to other lifts. -in all types of buildings lift lobby is desirable &should be large enough to allow traffic movement in both directions on landing without being obstructed by the people waiting for the lift. -Lift lobbies to be visible from entrance hall but not viceversa as people tend to hold lifts for late arrivals, causing disturbance and wear of the system.

No of lifts:
The number and size of the lift may be related to the following: 1. The population of the bldg. 2.Type of bldg. Occupants 3.Starting & finishing time of population-whether staggered or unified. 4. No. Of floors & height 5. Position of building w.r.t public transport services. Bldg. Near traffic terminal has more passenger peaks during arrival hours. 6. Convenience of user & tall building loading times and there should be balance between these two factors. Several smaller lifts provide better service than fewer larger lifts, but the installation cost increases.

Population Estimate can be made from net floor area & probable population density per Sq M. Average population density can vary betw 1 person per 4m2 & 1 person per 20 m2. For general office building population density of 1 person per 10 m2 or net floor area may be assumed. Minimum No. Of Lifts for offices: Installation One lift for every 3 floors One lift for every 4 floors One lift for every 5 floors Quality of service Excellent Average Below Average

Table 11.1

Lower standard for this is acceptable for hotels and flats. Cars with less than 12 person capacity not acceptable for large group of people.

Round trip time

Time in seconds taken by single lift to travel from the ground floor to top floor, including probable no. of stops & return to the ground floor.

Flow rate
Expressed as a % of total population requiring lift service during a 5 min peak demand period. Surveys show that: 10%-25% population will require transportation during 5 min peak time. 12%- for buildings with staggered starting times 17%- for buildings with unified starting times.

Interval (I) or lobby dispatch time average time between departure of cars from lobby, Expressed in seconds Represents RTT of one car divided by no. of cars in a common group system Waiting time average time spent by a passenger between arriving in the lobby and leaving the lobby in a car. Expressed theoretically as half this interval but in practice it is probably 3/4th of the interval, equals (0.6 x I)

Table 11.2
Interval (s) 25-35 35-45 60 90 Quality of service Excellent Acceptable for offices Acceptable for hotels Acceptable for flats

Lift Travel The number of floors above ground multiplied by the floor height. Lift Speed Recommended lift speeds for various building heights.

Table 11.3 Speed (m/s) 0.25-0.375 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.50 3.50 5.00 Lift travel in mts Municipal flats Luxury flats offices 30 45 55 15 20 25 10 15 20 30 45 60 125

Bed lifts 5 10 20 45 100 -

Lift performance If the travel, speed & building population are known, the interval, no. Of lifts and no. Of passenger to be carried by each lift may be found from the table below.
Table 11.4 Passenger lift performance (based on 3.3 m floor to floor height) lift serving all 15 floors No. Of cars 4 4 Speed m/s 12 passenger 2.50 3.50 29 103 Interval (s) Handling capacity persons 24 passenger 41 127 36 116 116 39 24 198 132 40 42 137

16 passenger 20 passenger 12 112 41 37

5
6

3.50
3.50

25

32
105 27 213 125

Car passenger capacity (p)

passengers per car

Calculating Round Trip Time (Rtt or RT) Step 1: Door opening & closing at each stop= 10 s. Step 2: Time taken by passenger leaving or entering=10s Step 3: Travelling time= Travel distance (m) Speed of car (m/s) Step 4: Add figure of step 1+2+3 gives total time taken Step 5: Add 10% extra for unforeseen events Recommended interval for lifts }= Refer NBC Speed for different height of building} Sizing Equations Handling capacity (HC): Interval (I): 5-min. handling capacity (h): Number of cars (N): HC=300p/I I=RT/N h=300p/RT N=HC/h

Handling Capacity (HC) maximum number of passengers handled in a 5 minute peak period when expressed as a percentage of the building population it is called percent handling capacity (PHC) Calculating Handling Capacity (HC) H=maximum number of passengers handled in a 5 minute peak period time Q= Average no. of passengers in a car T= waiting interval in seconds P= Total population to be handled during peak period H= 300 xQx100 TxP Q is taken as 80% of max. capacity of the car. Waiting interval T is calculated by T= Rt N Rt= round trip time N= Number of lifts

Office building efficiency

net usable area as a percentage of

gross area

Elevator equipment recommendations

building type car capacity rise speed

 Example

A 15 storey office block has a net floor area above ground level of 8000 m2. Assuming unified starting times & population density of 1 person per m2 of net floor area, calculate the flow rate & find out the lift speed, number & capacity of lifts. From Table 11.2 check the quality of service: 1. Flow rate: allowing 17% of population 8000 x 17 = 136 persons during 5 min peak demand period 10 x 100 2. Travel & Speed Assuming a floor height of 3.3 m, the lift travel =14x3.3=46.2 m From Table 11.3, nearest travel for offices is 45m which requires a speed of 2.5 m/s. 3. No. & capacity of lifts From table 11.4, four 24 passenger cars may be installed having a handling capacity of 137 & interval of 41s. 4. Quality of service From Table 11.2 the acceptable interval for offices is 35 & 45 sec, so, 41 s is satisfactory. This will give waiting time of 20s. Referring Table 11.1, one lift for every four floors give average quality of service & on this basis four lifts for 15 storeys would give satisfactory service.

Lobby Parameters
Proximity to other cars single zone multizone Proximity to emergency exits/egress stairs Adjacent to main lobby Maximum Allowable No. of Elevators in One Group The maximum allowable number of elevators in a group is 8 for conventional group control system; the criterion is the walking time for passengers in order to board the elevator in time; 12 elevators in one group can be tolerated for the case of destination control system.

Layout Considerations: Lobby and Core Design Lobby Design:

Four car group: have 2 facing 2 Maximum 3 cars in line Four in line depreciates service due to longer door hold open times requirement Lobby size and configuration: Avoid walk thru lobbies Passenger elevatorslobby width Between 10 to 14 feet Service Elevators: Depth of car x 2

Electric Lifts
Principles of operation Electric lift with traction drive consist of lift car suspended by steel ropes which travel over grooved driving sheave. Load on motor= wt. of car+ its load counterweight + friction

Ropes
High tensile steel wire ropes used; no. of ropes between 4 to 12; Dia is between 9 & 19 mm.

Roping arrangements

Single wrap for a small car

Single wrap for deflector pulley

Double wrap traction

used for geared machines, but may be used for gearless machines for lower speed of 1.75-2.5 m/s . The angle of contact of rope with driving sheave is 140-180 deg.

As use of a diverting or deflector pulley increases the risk of rope slip, by reducing the frictional area of the rope with the driving sheave a double wrap or wrapping pulley may be used. Used on high speed & heavily loaded lifts.

Roping arrangements

2:1 Roping

3:1 Roping

used for geared machines, at lower car speed of between 1.75 and 3.0 m/s . The car & counterweight speed equal half of the peripheral speed of the driving sheave & this halves the load on the sheave & allows the use of high speed motors which are cheaper than slower speed motors. The disadvantage is that the length of rope is three times that reqd. for single wrap system.

used for heavy goods lift where it is reqd to reduce the motor power& the pressure acting upon the bearings.

Diverting or deflector pulley

Traction sheave

Compensating ropes
In highrise bldgs. Above 10 storeys the rope load transferred from the car to the counterweight (and vice versa during car travel) is considerable & with the car at the top floor the rope load is trasferred to the counterweight . To offset this and reduce bounce compensating ropes are suspended from the underside of the car & the counterweight. To accommodate the compensating ropes a deeeper pit is reqd.

Counter weight

Weighted compensati on sheave

Compensati on ropes

Roping for machine room at intermediate floor or bottom of the shaft

longer rope is needed, it travels round more pulleys, resulting in higher functional resistance & hence more maintenance is reqd. However with machine room sited at ground floor , the lift shaft is relieved of the weight of the winding machine & control equipment. the lower portion of the machine room also obviates penetrating of roof slab & weathering.

Drum drive
In this arrangement one set of ropes is wound clockwise around the drum & another anti-clockwise , hence when one set of ropes is being wrapped the other is unwrapped on the drum. The disadvantage is that, as the height of the travel increases, the drum become unwieldy & system is limited to rise of upto 30m.

Over Speed Governor & Equipment

Used to prevent the car from over speeding due to the ropes breaking, stretching or by some electric fault. mounted in the motor room directly above lift shaft & is fitted with a pulley at least 300 mm in dia driven by a governor rope. One end of rope is attached to a braking system underneath the car while the other end extends upwards, wraps around the governor pulley & extends down to a tension pulley at the bottom & then returns to the car. As the lift car travels the governor rope drives the pulley. Flyweights with spring control respond to over speed & the movement is used to break the electrical contacts & trigger a mechanical device which arrests governor rope to operate the brake under the car.

Winding motors If drive transmitted thru to traction sheave is thru a worm gear , motor is known as geared type. If drive is by direct coupling from the motor to the driving sheave , motor is known as gearless type. Gearless traction motors range in power from 22 kw to 83 kW, while geared traction motors range in power from 3kW to 30kW. Table 11.5 gives the type of lift equipment for various applications:
Type of Eqpt. Speed (m/s) Load (kg) Passenger lift Goods lift 1000 3000 3000 3000 6000 6000 6000 3000 Travel(m) 0-25 0-40 0-100 0-250

Geared traction type 0.25-0.80 Single speed Geared traction type 0.25-1.25 two speed Geared traction type 0.75-2.5 variable speed Gearless traction type variable speed 1.75-8

Geared Traction single speed motor

contains a worm gear & motor is either A.C or D.C. when car is within short distance of floor landing brake is applied automatically to bring the car at a smooth stop.

Geared Traction two speed motor

consists of either a motor with two separate windings or alternate separate motors are used . when starting the high speed windings are switched on in series with a resistor to limit the current. Smooth acceleration of car is obtained as the resistance field is progressively lowered. On approaching a floor landing the high speed winding or motor is switched off & the low speed winding or motor, combined with a choke is switched on. The car speed is gradually reduced until it is within a short distance of the landing when the power is switched off & the brake is applied automatically to bring the car to a smooth stop.

Geared Traction variable voltage motor

Gives results cannot be obtained by any other system. extreme smoothness of acceleration & retardation. equipment consists of an a.c driven motor set which supplies d.c power to the driving motor of the geared machine.

Gearless Traction variable voltage motor

Eqpt. essential for high speed lifts having car speeds of 1.75 m/s & over. representation of best modern practice to meet traffic conditions demanding high efficiency. a regulator is used in the generator field circuit which controls the generator output.

a variable resistor in a field circuit gradually reduces the resistance & increases the generator voltage to smoothly accelerate the car to full speed . On attaining full speed, the generator voltage remains constant until the initiation of slow down of the car. Set of inductor switches are used to initiate the slow down & stopping of car, the brakes being applied only when the car is stationary.

Elevator Applications: Traction

Geared
Stops: 5-15 Rise upto 150 Max. Speed: 500 FPM

Gearless

Stops: 15-60+ Rise up to- 2000 Max.Speed: 2400 FPM

Details of Lift

Lift cars: made of wide range of finishes & sometimes made to architects design. They must be strong & stand to wear &tear without deterioration. No open panels are permissible in the enclosure within 1.8m of car floor. Openings in the ventilating panel should not exceed 13mm. It is normal for ventilating grills to be fitted in the car skirting.

Machine Room
should be at top of the lift shaft for best efficiency. Well ventilated, consideration to stop sound transmission by providing insulation to concrete base of the machine compressed cork slabs. Overhead lifting beam directly over the machine for positioning or dismantling eqpt. an access hatch on the floor, above the landing thru which the eqpt. Can be lowered for repair or replacement.

lockable room adequate floor space for controllers, floor selectors & other eqpt. Is reqd. Socket outlets & good electric lighting & daylighting is recommended. Temperature shall not be below 10deg or above 40 deg & means of heating & ventilating is reqd. Walls & floors painted to avoid dust which can damage & cause breakdown of the electrical circuit due to poor contacts.

Lift Shaft
Size depends on size, speed of car & type of door gear; manufacturers drgs. to be consulted. must be plumb finished, smooth & painted to prevent collection of dust. provision for air escape below & above moving car to prevent air pressure building up. smoke vent having opening of 0.1 m2 for smoke escape in event of fire. No other services accommodated in the shaft. clearance at top required for over travel & distance depends on speed.

manufacturers drgs. Consulted regarding builders work for fixing steel guides, counterweight & reqd. for door gear at floor landing. constructed of RCC or brickwork in cement mortar, shall have sufficient strength to carry the dead & superimposed loads. FR of at least 1 hr. & constructed out of incombustible material. Shaft to have opening in its structure for cables operating the lift into the room containing the lift motor.

Lift Pit
shaft to extend below bottom landing to form pit which permits car overtravel. Pit to be watertight & drainage should be provided. Buffers fixed to base, these are spring loaded for slow speed lifts & oil loaded for high speed lifts.

Brakes
Electric mechanical brake is reqd. which is designed to fail safe. when lift is running, brake shoes are electromechanically lifted clear of the brake drum, overcoming the force of the coil or disc springs which apply the brakes when the car is stationary. The switching off of the electric supply permits the brake to be applied & therefore fail safe if there is a failure in the supply.

Traction Elevator Components

Machine room
8-6 minimum clear

Bottom of Beam (OH)

17-6 206

Travel
number of floors

Pit (P)
10-1 11-5

S: p. 1439, F.31.29

Table gives the various details & dimensions of small passenger lift installations:
No. of Load Speed passenge (Kg) (m/s) rs
4 6 300 450 0.5 0.50.75

Shaft or Car (m) well (m)

1.8 x 1.3 1.800 x 800 1.8x 1.6 1.300 x 1.100

Depth of pit (m)

1.400 1.400

Machine room
3.700 x 1.800 4.000 x 1.800

Guides : Car & counterweight guides are 1.400 machined tee 1.500 sections finished to very 8 600 0.5 2.0 x 1.9 x 4.400 x 2.000 fine limits. Joints are spigoted & fish plated with machined surfaces on both 1.300 rails & fish plates. are erected plumb & fastened to the lift shaft by heavy steel brackets. For high-speed lifts the shoes may be provided with renewable nylon linings. Car is guided on rails by means of sliding shoes or roller assemblies. Balance Weight: consist of a rigid steel frame consisting the required no. of cast iron weights. Car & Counterweight buffers: Oil loaded buffers are used for lifts with speed of 1.5m/s or over & spring buffers for speeds 0 & 1 m/s. For slow speed lifts of 0 to 0.25 m/s it is permissible to use timber or cellular polyurathane buffers.

Landing Doors Two sets of doors reqd: single slide (24-36) 1. Car doors fitted to lift car center opening (42-60) 2. Landing doors fitted to lift shaft two-speed, side opening (42) enclosure. two-speed, center opening (60) mechanically interlocked & operated by the car doors, driven by an electric motor having speed reduction unit with clutch drive & connecting mechanism. The power unit is mounted on an insulated bedplate, mounted on top of the car.

Requirements: made of solid combustible material to reduce fire risk, keeps dust out of shaft. Sheet steel welded to steel frame provides a suitable door 32 mm thk & door panel can be painted or faced with aluminium or wood veneer. should have robust steel angle frames to which top & bottom tracks may be fitted. If a maintenance engineer unlocks the landing door a contact is broken which switches off the electric supply & renders the lift inoperative.

Door openings
>3-6 for simultaneous

loading/unloading <3-6 for singular loading

Doors may be of following types: Two leaf side opening Two lead centre opening Single leaf side opening Single hinged doors are suitable for residences & small houses they should be self closing & provided with locking mechanism.

TYPES OF LIFTS

Firemans Lift mandatory for bldgs. Above 24m, out of reach of fire brigade . Should have direct access from street, separate electric supply to that of other lifts. Special switch G.F on close to entrance

Goods Lift design similar to that of passenger lift, usually larger & car less decorative. speed rarely exceeds 1m/s, accurate leveling is essential to facilitate loading & unloading wheeled trolleys. heavy goods require strong cars & efficient brakes, roping arrangements designed to prevent slipping of rope.

Service Lifts
designed & constructed to carry only goods. floor area does not usually exceed 1 m2 & for small lifts to carry 50kg at speed of 0.25m/s or 0.50m/s. principles same as that of goods lift, but machine is much smaller & often safety gear is not fitted. used mainly by hotels & restaurants to provide service from kitchens to dining area. car constructed of stainless steel which can be polished & easily cleaned. A stainless steel removable shelf included, car opened at front or front & back. doors to hatches can be hinged upward or sideway sliding or a roller shutter may be provided.

Table: Common classification & speeds of goods lift

Type of lift Speed (m/s) Load (kg)

Document
ledger Small goods Large goods

0.4
0.4 0.25-0.5 0.25-0.5

10
35 50 100 500-2000 110-150

Food service 0.4

Canteen 0.25-0.5 Hospital service Bed Lift

accurate floor leveling essential to allow bed to be wheeled into & out of the car. car large enough to take a bed with room to spare for passengers. speed between 0.25-1m/s. min depth of car 2.4m, width 1.4m, height 2.2 m.

Hand powered lifts

load above 25 kg, no. of operations per day are limited & maximum load for car should be 100 kg. hatch doors hinged timber or multi leaf metal sliding types. method of operation is by endless hauling rope external to landing doors.

Types

Elevators
traction gearless medium-high speed passenger geared low speed passenger hydraulic plunger hole-less roped

Oil hydraulic lifts

operated by water by high pressure water main with centralized pumping station, capital costs are high. modern lift uses oil pressure from self contained power plant driven by an electric motor. suitable with moderate car speed short travels are acceptable. suitable for goods lift, hospital lift or old age homes. speed ranges from 0.12-1 m/s & maximum travel is 21m. machine room is on lowest lvl. Served, can be remote from lift shaft. all lift loads carried by ram directly to ground thus simplifying the structural design of the shaft. construction of shaft is cheaper & design is decided by degree of fire resistance reqd. simplicity of operation reduces maintenance cost & power pack can be sited below staircase, thus saving space.

Advantages

power pack is at lower lvl. doesnot require machine room. machine rm. Relatively smaller, can be located at some distance from the shaft. load imposed on lift shaft is far less than with elec. Traction lift thus costing less. no brake or winding mechanism, ropes, pulleys, driving sheave necessary. no counterweight & larger lift car can sometimes be used. Extremely accurate floor leveling can be achieved. acceleration & travel is very smooth.

Hydraulic Elevator Components

Machine room
7-9 minimum clear

Bottom of Beam (OH)

12-0 123

Pit (P)/Plunger
4-0 Travel +2-6

S: p. 1402, F.31.6

Elevator Applications: Hydraulic TypesCommon to all: 2 to 5 floors; max rise 40 to 45 feet

Direct Plunger Telescoping Holeless
Limited to 40-0; Problematic

Holeless
Limited to 15-0

Roped Hydro
Expensive to Install

Operation
Downward direction

Controlled by lowering valve A, which controls oil returning to oil tank. Lowering solenoid energized by an electric current & opens to allow oil to bypass lowering piston B.Reduction in oil pressure behind piston allows lowering valve to open. Oil forced in oil tank & lift car moves downward. Upward direction Controlled by up valve C, which controls oil returning to oil tank. For lift to travel up UP solenoid valve is energized by an electric current & opens to allow oil to enter above the UP piston D. Since area of Up piston D is larger, oil pressure closes the valve & allows high pressure oil to flow to ram & lift the car. The spring loaded check valve E prevents oil from flowing back along pipe F.

Elevator Applications: Machine Room Less Traditional Machine Room Less

Paternosters series of two persons doorless lift cars,

suspended from hoisting chains which run over sprocket wheels at top & bottom of the shaft. Provides up & down movement of passengers in one shaft & when car reaches limit of travel in one direction moves across to another set of chains & engages with the guides to travel in other direction. passenger enters & leaves moving car therefore speed not to exceed 0.4 m/s. installation used in universities, colleges etc. were users are agile to use the lift. Supports for cars at the top & therefore cars remain vertical at all times. @ 650 passengers per hour can be carried. safety devices provided to reduce accidents.

Construction RCC wall or 225 mm brick

wall is required. Shaft measures @ 2.6 m x 1.6 m, contains two set of chains & guides. A motor room is reqd. at top of the shaft in which motor, gearbox & sprocket wheels are mounted. pit below is 4.5m-5.8m in depth

Advantages absence of control gears reduces maintenance cost. reduction in waiting time.

Information by Architect 1. No. of lifts-size & position 8. Access to machine room

2. Particular of lift well

4. No. of floors served 5. Height between floors

9. Ventilation to machine room

11. Depth of lift pit 12. Position of machine room

3. Size, position, No. & type of landing doors 10. Height of machine room

6. No. of entrances to car

7. total head room (in consultation with manufacturer)

13. Supporting steel work at roof level.

14. Size & position of footing, close to pit 15. Passenger lift to carry household goods eg. Refrigerator.

Planning & Working aspects

Data given in Architects data booke & NBC, dimension vary from manufacturer to manufacturer- refer catalogue. Staircase & shaft closer-one more flight upwards leads to machine room. Information regarding depth of footings-deeper than pit depth. Co-ordination between architect & different agencies. Lift controls Quantitative (Handling capacity) & qualitative (waiting time for passenger)

Example Problem
Design an elevator system for a 10 story, single purpose tenant, office building that provides an good level of service. Construction level is normal Floor height: 12-0 floor to floor Floor area: 15,000 net square feet (nsf) each
1. Determine Percent Handling Capacity (PHC) Office building Investment

range 11.5-13 % say 12% PHC=0.12

2. Determine Interval (I)

Office building Good service
I=25-29 sec

3. Determine Building Population Office building Single tenant Normal construction range 90-110 sf/person say 100 sf/person Pop= 9 floors@15,000 nsf 100sf/person Pop=1350 people

S: p. 1423, T.31.7

4. Determine Handling Capacity (HC)

PHC=0.12 HC=0.12 x 1350 people HC= 162 people

5. Determine Rise & Select Car

9 floors (above lobby) 12-0 floor-floor Rise=9 x 12-0 Rise=108 Select Car: 2500# car @400 fpm

S: p. 1432, T.31.9

6. Determine Average Trip Time (AVTRP)

12-0 floor-floor 2500# car 400 fpm 9 floors AVTRP= 64 sec
S: p. 1425, F.31.21

7. Determine Round Trip Time (RT)

12-0 floor-floor 2500# car 9 floors 400 fpm

RT= 112 sec

S: p. 1428, F.31.23

9. Determine 5-minute Handling Capacity (h)

h=300p/RT h= 300 x 13/112 h= 34.8 people

8. Verify Single Car Capacity (p)

2500# car p= 13 people

S: p. 1422, T.31.5

10. Determine number of cars (N)

N=HC/h
N= 162/34.8

N= 4.7 cars say 5 cars

11. Confirm Interval (I)

I=RT/N
I= 112/5 I= 22.4 sec Required I 25-29 sec Design exceeds performance requirements

11. (Re)Confirm Interval (I)

I=RT/N I= 112/4 I= 28 sec Required I 25-29 sec Design meets performance requirements

12. Repeat Until Performance Complies

Performance is in compliance Use 4 cars (2500 lbs., 400 fpm)

Lobby Sizing
Size based on peak interval 15 or 20 minute peak time 5 sf/person From previous example using 15 minute peak h=34.8 people/5-min. 104.4 people/15 min. Area= 104.4 people x 5 sf/person = 522 sf

Codes and Standards

ANSI/ASME Code A17.1 NFPA 101 Life Safety Code NFPA 70 Electrical ANSI A117.1 Barrier Free