Sample &Sampling Design

DR.G.SINGARAVELU Associate Professor UGC-ASC BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY COIMBATORE

DEFINITIONS
Population-totality of the objects or individuals regarding inferences are made in a sampling study. Sample-smaller representation of a large whole. Sampling- is a process of selecting a subset of randomised number of the members of the population of a study

Sampling frame /Source list -complete list of all the members/ units of the population from which each sampling unit Sample design / sample plan-is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. Sampling unit-is a geographical one (state,district) Sample size-number of items selected for the study

Sampling Error-is the difference between population value and sample value.
Sampling distribution-is the relative frequency distribution of samples.

CENSUS/SAMPLING Census-collection of data from whole population. Sampling is taking any portion of a population or universe as representative of that population.

Sampling method has been using in social science research since 1754 by A.L.BOWLEY

Indispensable of sampling in Research

Saves lot of time Provides accuracy Controls unlimited data Studies individual Reduces cost Gives greater speed /helps to complete in stipulated time Assists to collect intensive and exhaustive data Organises conveniences

Steps in Sampling Process / Procedures

Define the population (element,units,extent and time) Specify sampling frame(Telephone directory) Specify sampling unit (retailers, our product,students,unemployed) Specify sampling method/technique Determine sampling size Specify sampling size-(optimum sample) Specify sampling plan Select the sample

PRINCIPLES OF SAMPLING
Two important principles Principles of Statistical Regularity-random (sufficient representative of the sample), Principles of Large Numbers-(steadiness , stability and consistency) Principles are referred to as the laws of sampling

Good sampling
The sample should be true representative of universe. No bias in selecting sample Quality of the sample should be same Regulating conditions should be same for all individual Sampling needs to be adequate Estimate the sampling error Sample study should be applicable to all items

Preparing a sampling design

Type of universe (set of objects) Finite/Non-finite Sampling unit (district,school,products) Sampling frame Sampling size Sampling technique

Methods of sampling
Bloomers and Lindquist Probability Non Probability Random/simple Quota Stratified random Purposive Cluster Accidental Systematic Incidental Multistage Proportionate Snow ball

Probability
Probability sampling technique is one in which every unit in the population has a chance of being selected in the sample This probability can be accurately determined.

Nonprobability sampling
Nonprobability sampling is any sampling method where some elements of the population have no chance of selection (these are sometimes referred to as 'out of coverage'/'undercovered'), or where the probability of selection can't be accurately determined. It involves the selection of elements based on assumptions regarding the population of interest, which forms the criteria for selection. The selection of elements is non random

Simple random sampling

In a simple random sample ('SRS') of a given size, all such subsets of the frame are given an equal probability. Method of chance selection. Lottery method,Tippets table, Kendall and Babington smith, Fisher and Yates numbers. Simple random sampling with replacement:- equal probability selection of each unit=1/N (Monte-Carlo simulation) Simple random without replacement -varying probability selection of each. First unit=1/N , Second unit=1/N-1, Probality of selection of the nth unit=1/N-(n-1)(MonteCarlo simulation

Systematic
Systematic sampling involves a random start and then proceeds with the selection of every kth element from then onwards. In this case, k=(population size/sample size). It is important that the starting point is not automatically the first in the list, but is instead randomly chosen from within the first to the kth element in the list Sampling interval width=I=N/n=800/40=20

Stratified or Mixed sampling

Where the population embraces a number of distinct categories, the frame can be organized by these categories into separate "strata." Each stratum is then sampled as an independent subpopulation, out of which individual elements can be randomly selected .(homogenous group)

Two types-Proportionate (equal number of unit from each stratum proportion to size of the strata) and Disproportionate (not equal number of unit from each stratum proportion to size of the strata)

Cluster sampling
Cluster sampling is an example of 'twostage sampling' or 'multistage sampling/ Multi phase sampling' in the first stage a sample of areas is chosen in the second stage a sample of respondents within those areas is selected.(several stages)- State level,Dist level,Village level,Hosehold level.

Cluster Sampling
This stepwise process is useful for those who know little about the population theyre studying. First, the researcher would divide the population into clusters (usually geographic boundaries). Then, the researcher randomly samples the clusters. Finally, the researcher must measure all units within the sampled clusters. Researchers use this method when economy of administration is important.

Sequential sampling
Single sampling

Double sampling Multiple sampling

Non probability
Non probability sampling does not involve random selection and probability sampling does .

Multistage sampling
Multistage sampling is a complex form of cluster sampling in which two or more levels of units are embedded one in the other. The first stage consists of constructing the clusters that will be used to sample frame. In the second stage, a sample of primary units is randomly selected from each cluster (rather than using all units contained in all selected clusters). In following stages, in each of those selected clusters, additional samples of units are selected and so on. All ultimate units (individuals, for instance) selected at the last step of this procedure are surveyed.

Purposive/Judgment Sampling
In purposive sampling, selecting sample with a purpose in mind Purposive sampling can be very useful for situations where we need to reach a targeted sample quickly and where sampling for proportionality is not the primary concern. It is for pilot study Questions / questionnaires may be tested.

Quota sampling
Quota sampling, the population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then judgment is used to select the subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion. For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 200 females and 300 males between the age of 45 and 60. Proportional quota sampling Nonproportional quota sampling It is very popular for market survey and opinion poll.

Snowball Sampling
Identifying someone who meets the criteria for inclusion in the study. Snowball sampling is especially useful when we are trying to reach populations that are inaccessible or hard to find This method would hardly lead to representative samples Intially certain members and add few members latter

Convenience sampling
Convenience sampling (sometimes known as grab or opportunity sampling) is a type of nonprobability sampling which involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population which is close to hand

Accidental Sampling
The researcher can select any sample in any place, can collect the data from pedestrian also. It can be used for exploratory studies It has sample error. It has less accuracy

Combination of Probability sampling and Non Probability sampling

If sampling is carried out in series of stages, it is possible to combine probability and non-probability sampling in one design Users of particular product in one street for the particular group of people. Utility of the particular product in the town.

Sampling Errors
The errors which arise due to the use of sampling surveys are known as the sampling errors. Two types of sampling errors-Biased Errors, Unbiased Errors Biased Errors-Which arise due to selection of sampling techniques.-size of the sample Unbiased Errors / Random sampling errors-arise due to chance differences between the members of the population included in the sample and not included.

Methods of reducing Sampling Errors

Specific problem selection Systematic documentation of related research Effective enumeration Effective pre testing Controlling methodological bias Selection of appropriate sampling techniques.

Non-sampling Errors
Non-sampling errors refers to biases and mistakes in selection of sample. CAUSES FOR NON-SAMPLING ERRORS Sampling operations Inadequate of response Misunderstanding the concept Lack of knowledge Concealment of the truth. Loaded questions Processing errors Sample size

Factors related to Sample size

The nature of population Complexity of tabulation Problems relating to collection of data Selection of sampling techniques Limitation of accuracy Calculating sample size=(SZ / T)2 S-preliminary SD of the universe Z-number of standard errors T-errors to be tolerated