APDLOGICLecture 5

CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION
CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION
It is a direct(unqualified and
unconditional) expression of
judgement between the Subject and
the Predicate. It asserts the
agreement or disagreement of the
Subject and the Predicate
unconditionally or directly.
CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION
Examples:
1. Man is an animal.
2. No one is perfect.
3. Dogs are animals.
4. This new car is red.
5. Mary is a woman.
CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION
QUALITY OF A CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION
consists in the judgement of a proposition
whether affirmative or negative.
QUANTITY OF A CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION
Quantity refers to the Universality or
Particularity of a proposition. It denotes
numbers, countable and uncountable.
CATEGORICAL
∴PROPOSITION
As regards Quantity, Categorical
Propositions are either Universal or
Particular.
∴As regards Quality, Categorical
Propositions are either Affirmative or
Negative.
BASIC STRUCTURE OF LOGICAL
PROPOSITION
Subject + Copula + Predicate
CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION
FORMS OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS(based
from the combinations of the Quality and Quantity of
propositions.
1. A Proposition(Universal Affirmative
Proposition)
The Universal Affirmative proposition speaks of a whole. It
stands for each of the subject to which it can be applied.
Universal affirmative proposition does not deny the quality of
each member of a class for which it stands for.
Examples:
a. Absolute music is instrumental music.
b. Every man is a “homo viator”.
c. Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese medical procedure.
CATEGORICAL
2.PROPOSITION
E Proposition(Universal Negative
Proposition)
The Universal Negative proposition does not affirm
each member of a class. It denies a total relationship
for each member of another universal class.
Examples:
a. Not any of the highjackers to be arrested could be
located.
b. None of the invited guests enjoyed.
c. Whatever new age fashion is not traditional.
CATEGORICAL
3.PROPOSITION
I Proposition(Particular Affirmative
Proposition)
The Particular Affirmative proposition
speaks of a part of a whole. It stands for an
indeterminate numbers. It also stands for more
than one but it does not designate or define it
definitely.
The Particular Affirmative proposition does not
deny the quality of the Subject, or “one”, or
“group” to which it can be applied.
CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION
Examples:
a. Some inquisitive people are

imaginative.
b. Several pragmatists are artistic.
c. Seven circumstances are
understood as determinants of
morality.
CATEGORICAL
4.PROPOSITION
O Proposition(Particular Negative
Proposition)
The Particular Negative proposition
speaks of a part of a whole to which it denies
such connection or agreement. It stands for an
indeterminate numbers. It also stands for more
than one but it does not designate or define it
definitely.
The Particular Negative proposition denies
agreement with its Subject.
CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION
Examples:
a. Some women are not good horseback

riders.
b. A few substances are not conducive to
health.
c. Many Westerners are not generous.
CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION QUALITY
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
QUANTITY UNIVERSAL All are All are not

SINGULAR A E
(No – are)
PARTICULAR I O
Some are Some are not
CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION
Quantity of the Predicate
The quantity of the predicate is not
equivalent to the quantity of the subject.
To determine the quantity of the
predicate, find out the following:
If the proposition is affirmative, such as A and I, the predicate
is particular, provided it is not singular.
If the proposition is negative, such as E and O, the predicate

is universal, provided it is not singular.
KINDS OF HYPOTHETICAL
1.PROPOSITIONS
CONDITIONAL PROPOSITION – is an
expression of judgement stating a condition or
a prerequisite. It has two compositions, the
ANTECEDENT and the CONSEQUENT.
Conditional Propositions are usually
expressed by the words if, in-case, supposed
and the other words expressing a condition. It
is usually called the “IF and THEN” Proposition.
ANTECEDENT CONSEQUENT
If…. then…
PROPOSITIONS
Examples:
If a man’s reason is unbiased,

Then, he can produce a better judgement.
PROPOSITIONS
2. CONJUNCTIVE PROPOSITION – is an
expression of judgement that denies the
possibility of two alternatives(hypothetical or
categorical propositions).
Examples:
1. You cannot be in Pampanga and Tagaytay

at the same time.
2. If you are in Espana, Manila, you cannot be
in Makati City.
PROPOSITIONS
3. DISJUNCTIVE PROPOSITION – is an
expression of judgement in which you either
affirm or deny from two alternative propositions.
It is called the EITHER OR statement because
of its form.
Examples:
1. A person is either a man or a woman.
2. Either you talk or you keep quiet.
What to do?

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CATEGORICAL

a. Some inquisitive people are

a. Some women are not good horseback

QUANTITY UNIVERSAL All are All are not

If the proposition is negative, such as E and O, the predicate

If a man’s reason is unbiased,

1. You cannot be in Pampanga and Tagaytay

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