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Ba Chapter3

This document discusses electric flux density D, Gauss's law, and divergence. It defines electric flux density D, its units and direction. It then gives an example of using Gauss's law to calculate the electric flux passing through a portion of a sphere due to a point charge. The document also discusses using Gauss's law and divergence to analyze charge distributions and electric fields due to various charge configurations like point charges, line charges, and surface charges. It provides examples calculating D and the divergence of D for different geometries.

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Muhammad Fakhar Abbas
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275 views40 pages

Ba Chapter3

This document discusses electric flux density D, Gauss's law, and divergence. It defines electric flux density D, its units and direction. It then gives an example of using Gauss's law to calculate the electric flux passing through a portion of a sphere due to a point charge. The document also discusses using Gauss's law and divergence to analyze charge distributions and electric fields due to various charge configurations like point charges, line charges, and surface charges. It provides examples calculating D and the divergence of D for different geometries.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Fakhar Abbas
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Electric Flux Density, Gausss Law,


and Divergence
3.1 Electric Flux Density
Faradays Experiment
Electric Flux Density, D
Units: C/m
2
Magnitude: Number of flux lines (coulombs)
crossing a surface normal to the lines divided by
the surface area.
Direction: Direction of flux lines (same direction
as E).
For a point charge:

For a general charge distribution,
D3.1
Given a 60-uC point charge located at the origin, find the
total electric flux passing through:
(a) That portion of the sphere r = 26 cm bounded by
0 < theta < Pi/2 and 0 < phi < Pi/2
D3.2
Calculate D in rectangular coordinates at point P(2,-3,6)
produced by : (a) a point charge QA = 55mC at Q(-2,3,-6)
P
2
3
6
|

\
|
|
|
.
:= QA 55 10
3
:=
Q
2
3
6
|

\
|
|
|
.
:=
c
0
8.85410
12
:= R P Q := r
P Q
P Q
:=
D
QA
4 t R
( )
2

r := D
6.38 10
6

9.57 10
6

1.914 10
5

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
=
(b) a uniform line charge p
LB
= 20 mC/m on the x axis
(c) a uniform surface charge density p
SC
= 120 uC/m
2
on
the plane z = -5 m.
Gausss Law
The electric flux passing through any
closed surface is equal to the total charge
enclosed by that surface.
The integration is performed over a closed
surface, i.e. gaussian surface.
We can check Gausss law with a point
charge example.
Symmetrical Charge Distributions
Gausss law is useful under two
conditions.
1. D
S
is everywhere either normal or
tangential to the closed surface, so that
D
S
.
dS becomes either D
S
dS or zero,
respectively.
2. On that portion of the closed surface for
which D
S
.
dS is not zero, D
S
= constant.
Gausss law simplifies the task of finding D near an
infinite line charge.
Infinite coaxial cable:
Differential Volume Element
If we take a small enough closed surface,
then D is almost constant over the surface.
D x y , z , ( )
8 x y z
4

4 x
2
z
4

16 x
2
y z
3

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
:=
1
3
y
0
2
x D x y , 2 , ( )
2
10
12

(
(
(
]
d
(
(
(
]
d 1.365 10
9
=
D3.6a
D x y , z , ( )
8 x y z
4

4 x
2
z
4

16 x
2
y z
3

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
10
12
:=
c
0
8.85410
12
:=
E
D 2 1 , 3 , ( )
c
0
:=
P
2
1
3
|

\
|
|
|
.
:= E
146.375
146.375
195.166
|

\
|
|
|
.
=
D3.6b
Divergence
Divergence is the outflow of flux from a small
closed surface area (per unit volume) as
volume shrinks to zero.

-Water leaving a bathtub
-Closed surface (water itself) is essentially incompressible
-Net outflow is zero
-Air leaving a punctured tire
-Divergence is positive, as closed surface (tire) exhibits net
outflow
Mathematical definition of divergence
div D
( )
oD
x
ox
oD
y
oy
+
oD
z
oz
+
|

\
|
|
.
- Cartesian
div D
( )
0 Av
S
D
Av
(
(
(
]
d lim

Surface integral as the volume element (Av) approaches zero



D is the vector flux density
Cylindrical
Spherical
div D
( )
1

o
o
D

( )
1

oD
|
o|
+
oD
z
oz
+
div D
( )
1
r
2
o D
r
r
2

|
\
|
.
or

1
r sin u
( )

o D
u
sin u
( )

( )
ou
+
1
r sin u
( )

oD
|
o|
+
Divergence in Other Coordinate Systems
A
e
x
sin y ( )
e
x
cos y ( )
2 z
|

\
|
|
|
|
.
div A
( )
o
ox
e
x
sin y ( )
( )
o
oy
e
x
cos y ( )
( )
+
o
oz
2 z ( ) +
div A
( )
e
x
sin y ( ) e
x
sin y ( ) + 2 +
Divergence at origin for given vector flux density A
3-6: Maxwells First Equation
S
.
S A
(
(
]
d Q
S
.
S A
(
(
]
d
Av
Q
Av
Gauss Law
per unit volume
Volume shrinks to zero
0 Av
S
.
S A
(
(
]
d
Av
lim
0 Av
Q
Av
lim

Electric flux per unit volume is equal to the volume charge density
Maxwells First Equation
div D
( )

v
0 Av
S
.
S A
(
(
]
d
Av
lim
0 Av
Q
Av
lim

Sometimes called the point form of Gauss Law



Enclosed surface is reduced to a single point
3-7: V and the Divergence Theorem
V del operator
A
o a
x
( )
ox
o a
y
( )
oy
+
o a
z
( )
oz
+
V
What is del?
Vs Relationship to Divergence
div D
( )
V
V D
True for all coordinate systems
Other V Relationships
Gradient results from V operating on a function
Represents direction of greatest change
Curl cross product of V and
Relates to work in a field

If curl is zero, so is work
Examination of V and flux
Cube defined by 1 < x,y,z < 1.2
D 2 x
2
y a
x
3 x
2
y
2
a
y
+
Q
S
.
S D
(
(
]
d
vol
.
v
v
(
(
]
d u
Calculation of total flux
u
t ot al
u
left
u
right
+ u
front
+ u
back
+
x
1
1 := x
2
1.2 :=
y
1
1 := y
2
1.2 :=
z
1
1 := z
2
1.2 :=
u
x1
z
1
z
2
z
y
1
y
2
y 2 x
1
2
y
(
(
]
d
(
(
]
d := u
y1
z
1
z
2
z
x
1
x
2
x 3 x
2
y
1
2

(
(
]
d
(
(
]
d :=
u
x2
z
1
z
2
z
y
1
y
2
y 2 x
2
2
y
(
(
]
d
(
(
]
d := u
y2
z
1
z
2
z
x
1
x
2
x 3 x
2
y
2
2

(
(
]
d
(
(
]
d :=
u
t ot al
u
x1
u
x2
+ u
y1
+ u
y2
+ :=
u
t ot al
0.103 =
Evaluation of V at center of cube V D
div D
( )
x
2 x
2
y
( )
d
d y
3 x
2
y
2

( )
d
d
+
div D
( )
4 x y 6 x
2
y +
divD 4 1.1 ( ) 1.1 ( ) 6 1.1 ( )
2
1.1 ( ) + :=
divD 12.826 =
Non-Cartesian Example
Equipotential Surfaces Free Software
Semiconductor Application - Device Charge Field Potential
Vector Fields
Potential Field
Applications of Gausss Law

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