ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCIBER

LINE
(ADSL)

JOSHI.U.L,RTTC,TVPM-40
 Broadband- Wireline Technologies

 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

 Cable Modem (Cable TV Network)
 Power Line Communications (PLC)

07/29/09 06:34 2
 DSL

The copper wires have lots of room for

carrying more than your phone conversations -- they
are capable of handling a much greater bandwidth, or
range of frequencies, than that demanded for voice.
DSL exploits this "extra capacity" to carry information
on the wire without disturbing the line's ability to
carry conversations

07/29/09 06:34 3
 DSL Technology
 DSL may offer more than 100 times the
network performance of a traditional
analog modem
 Precise speed of a connection depends
upon the type of DSL employed
 DSL uses the same telephone line as
traditional modem
 DSL remains always-on all the time
 Customer no longer need to physically dial up
to the ISP to “log in to the internet”
07/29/09 06:34 4
Advantages of DSL :

•You can leave your Internet connection open and still

use the phone line for voice calls.

•The speed is much higher than a regular modem (1.5

Mbps vs. 56 Kbps)

•DSL doesn't necessarily require new wiring; it can

use the phone line you already have.

•The company that offers DSL will usually provide

the modem as part of the installation.
07/29/09 06:34 5
 Disadvantages :

•A DSL connection works better when you are closer

to the provider's central office.

•The connection is faster for receiving data than it is

for sending data over the Internet.

•The service is not available everywhere.

07/29/09 06:34 6
 Introduction
- History of DSL
Historic Timeline

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07/29/09 06:34
Digital Subscriber Line 7
 Introduction
- History of DSL
DSL Family of Technologies

xDSL
VDSL
Asymmetric
Very High Speed
ADSL
SDSL
G.DMT HDSL Single Pair
High Speed HDSL-2
Full Rate
High Speed Single Pair
G.Lite
Limited Rate
07/29/09 06:34 8
 xDSL Family Tree
 xDSL
 Symmetric DSL
• Provide identical data rates upstream & downstream
 Asymmetric DSL
• Provide relatively lower rates upstream but higher rates downstream
 Four main variations of xDSL exist:
 HDSL-High bit/data rate Digital Sub: Line

 SDSL- Symmetric Digital Sub: Line


ADSL-Asymmetrical Digital Sub: Line

VDSL-Very-high-data-rate Digital Sub: Line

07/29/09 06:34 9
 HDSL
 High bit/data rate DSL
 Can be viewed as equivalent of PCM stream
 Offers the same bandwidth both upstream and
downstream
 Can work up to a distance of 3.66 to 4.57 kms
depending upon the speed required
 Can deliver 2048 kbps
 On 2 phone lines, each line carrying 1168 kbps
 On 3 phone lines, each line carrying 784 kbps

07/29/09 06:34 10
 HDSL
 No provision exists for voice because it
uses the voice band
 HDSL-2 is proposed as next generation
HDSL over single phone line
 Requires more aggressive modulation,
shorter distance and better phone line

07/29/09 06:34 11
 SDSL
 Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
 Rate adaptive version of HDSL
 Does not support analog calls
 Works up to 3.7 kms on 0.5 mm dia cable
 Affordable alternative to dedicated leased lines
 SHDSL-Symmetric High-bit-rate Digital
Subscriber Line is an further improvement over
HDSL/SDSL and uses single phone line

07/29/09 06:34 12
 ADSL
 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
 Used for applications which require greater
download bandwidth but require relatively little in
opposite direction like Web browsing; File
downloads
 An ADSL circuit connects an ADSL modem on
each end of a twisted pair telephone line
creating three information channels

A high speed downstream channel

A medium speed duplex channel
 A basic telephone service channel
07/29/09 06:34 13
 ADSL
 The basic telephone service channel is split off from
the digital modem by splitter at client site
 Allows simultaneous access to the line by the
telephone and the computer
 In case of power/ADSL failure, data transmission is
lost but basic telephone service will be operational
 Provides
 16-640 kbps upstream

 1.5-9 mbps downstream

 Can work up to a distance of 3.7 to 5.5 kms

depending upon the speed required

07/29/09 06:34 14
 ADSL

 Data Rate - Wire Size – Distance

Data Rate Wire Size Distance

1.5-2.0 Mbps 0.5 mm 18000 Feet 5.5 Kms
1.5-2.0 Mbps 0.4 mm 15000 Feet 4.6 Kms
6.1 Mbps 0.5 mm 12000 Feet 3.7 Kms
6.1 Mbps 0.4 mm 9000 Feet 2.7 Kms

07/29/09 06:34 15
 ADSL Standards:
There are two competing and incompatible
Modulation standards for ADSL .
Discrete MultiTone (DMT): The official ANSI
standard for ADSL.
Carrier less Amplitude/Phase (CAP) system :An earlier
and more easily implemented standard, which was used
on many of the early installations of ADSL

07/29/09 06:34 16
Whatever the modulation technique used,
whenever the same two wires in a pair is
used for full – duplex transmission either
• the frequency range must be split into
Upstream and Downstream bandwidth
(FDM)
OR
• Echo Cancellation
Must be used
07/29/09 06:34 17
 ADSL: FDM/Echo Cancellation
Upstream Downstream
Basic
Telephone FDM
Service

Frequency

Upstream Downstream
Basic
Telephone
Echo
Service Cancellation

Frequency

07/29/09 06:34 18
 Echo Canceling and DSLs
When the same frequency range is used in both
directions, signal reflection could easily be mistaken as a
signal originating at the remote end.
Echo cancellers electronically subtract the signal sent
from the signal received, allowing the signal actually
sent from the remote end to be distinguished more
easily.
In FDM no Echo Control is needed in the end devices.

07/29/09 06:34 19
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QAM

Bit value Amplitude Phase shift

000 1 45
001 2 45
0
315 45 010 -1 135
Amplitude 011 -2 135
111 001 100 -1 225
101 -2 225
000 110 1 315
101
111 2 315
270 90
Phase Shift
010

100
011
100
225 135
07/29/09 06:34
180 20
 QAM
To encode a bit stream: Bit value Amplitude Phase shift
000 1 45
001010100011101000011110
001 2 45
010 -1 135
break it up into 3-bit triads:
011 -2 135
001-010-100-011-101-000-011-110 100 -1 225
101 -2 225
110 1 315
111 2 315
2

-2
07/29/09 06:34
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 21
 CAP Upstream /Downstream
2

-2
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5

Carrier less AM/PM, a version of

suppressed carrier QAM

07/29/09 06:34 22
 DMT Modulation
256 frequency bands of sub-carriers of
4 KHz bandwidth and spacing of 4.3 KHz.
Each sub carrier can support maximum
15 no of bit. Depending on signal to noise
Ratio for that sub carrier a decision is taken
How many bits that particular sub carrier can
Support.
No of Bits

Voice Upstream Downstream

15

0 4 25 138 139 1100

Frequency (KHz)

07/29/09 06:34 23
 What is Discrete Multi-Tone
(DMT)
e Split the available bandwidth into a large number of subchannels.
Amplitud

Frequency

Bridge taps and also the interference of an AM radio station.

Any other transmission media such as Cable and Wireless

07/29/09 06:34 24
 DMT Processor:
Modulation/demodulation 4.3125 kHz

15
14

Discrete Multitone line 13

12
11

coding techniques use

10
9
8

multiple carriers, or
7
6
5
4

sub-channels, to 3
2
1

transfer data to the far- Sub-carriers (n)

Fig. 1
Sub-carriers (n)
Fig. 2

end

6 7 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 255

07/29/09 06:34 Sub-carriers 25

Fig. 3
 DMT Processor:
Modulation/demodulation
4.3125 kHz

These sub-channels are

4.3125 kHz wide (fig. 1)
15
14
13

and occupies the following

12
11
10

frequencies:
9
8
7
6

26 kHz to 1.104 MHz . 5
4
3

• 249 downstream
2
1

Sub-carriers (n) Sub-carriers (n)

channels (ATU_C to Fig. 1 Fig. 2

ATU_R).

26 kHz to 138 kHz.
• 25 upstream channels 6 7 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 255

07/29/09(ATU_R
06:34 to ATU_C). Sub-carriers 26
Fig. 3
Theoretical Maximum Data Rates
4.3125 kHz
 4000 symbols per second are
transmitted. 15
14
 Maximum of 15 Bits for each 13
12

subcarrier. 11
10
9

 Downstream subcarriers. 8
7
6

248 subcarriers carry data. 5
4
3
 Subcarrier 64 is the pilot tone. 2
1

Sub-carriers (n) Sub-carriers (n)

 Upstream subcarriers. Fig. 1 Fig. 2
 24 subcarriers carry data.

 Subcarrier 16 is the pilot tone.

 4000 x 15 x 248 = 14.88 Mbps

downstream. 6 7 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Sub-carriers
255

07/29/09 06:34 27
Fig. 3

 ADSL Architecture

07/29/09 06:34 28
 POTS Splitter

•Enables the carriage of analog telephone

service and digital data on the same line

•It is a low pass filter that seperates analog

voice from ADSL frequencies.

07/29/09 06:34 29
 DSLAM: DSL Access Multiplexer

•Houses a set of ATU-C interfaces.

•Multiplex traffic from multiple ATU-Cs on to a
single, high speed trunk to the transport network.
•Demultiplex traffic from the transport network
and assigns it to the correct ATU-C
•Negotiate line speed.

07/29/09 06:34 30
07/29/09 06:34 31
 LINE QUALIFICATION
•THE MAXIMUM LOOP RESISTANCE BETWEEN COT
AND RT SHALL BE LESS THAN 900 OHMS
•THERE SHALL NOT BE ANY LOADING COILS IN THE
LINE
THE INSULATION OF THE CABLE PAIR SHALL BE
GREATER THAN 800 kilo OHM WHEN TESTED WITH 500V
MEGGER.
The maximum attenuation in the cable pair shall not exceed 20
dB at 150 KHz.

07/29/09 06:34 32
 What are the benefits of ADSL?

• Fast downloads
At least 4.5 times and upto 35 times
faster than dial-up connection
Always on connection
Telephone and Internet access can be
used together
No telephone call charges for internet
surfing
Cost effective way to access Internet
07/29/09 06:34 33
What kind of PC do I need to run ADSL?

Most present day configurations will run ADSL. The

following minimum is, however, recommended :
1.Processor 200 MHz (or better)
2.Operating System Windows 98SE (or higher)
3.RAM (memory) 32 MB RAM
4.Free Disk Space 125MB
5.SVGA monitor CD-ROM Drive
6.Network Interface Card(NIC) with Ethernet port with RJ45
socket

07/29/09 06:34 34
 VDSL
 Very-high Data-rate DSL
 Originally named VADSL (A –Asymmetric)
but was later extended to support both
symmetric & asymmetric
 Requires one phone line
 Supports voice & data
 Works between 0.3-1.37 kms depending
on speed
07/29/09 06:34 35
 VDSL
 Upstream data rate of 1.6-2.3 mbps
 Downstream data rate of 13-52 mbps
 Data Rate - Wire Size – Distance

Downstream Upstream Distance

12.96 Mbps 1.6-2.3 mbps 4500 Feet 1.37 Kms
25.82 Mbps 1.6-2.3 mbps 3000 Feet 0.91 Kms
51.84 Mbps 1.6-2.3 mbps 1000 Feet 0.30 Kms

07/29/09 06:34 36
 THANK YOU

07/29/09 06:34 37