DNA Structure & Replication
DNA Structure & Replication
Mendel: modes of heredity in pea plants Morgan: genes located on chromosomes Griffith: bacterial work; transformation: change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external substance (DNA) by a cell Avery: transformation agent was DNA
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Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic cells
Many eukaryotes have 1000 times the amount of DNA as prokaryotes. Eukaryotic DNA is located in the cell nucleus inside chromosomes. The number of chromosomes varies widely from one species to the next.
Chromosome Structure
Eukaryotic chromosomes contain DNA and protein, tightly packed together to form chromatin. Chromatin consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins called histones. DNA and histone molecules form nucleosomes. Nucleosomes pack together, forming a thick fiber.
DNA Structure
Chargaffs Rule ratio of nucleotide bases (Adenine=Thymine; Cytosine=Guanine) Watson & Crick built DNA model with the help of Wilkins& Franklin The Double Helix nucleotides consist of: - nitrogenous bases (thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine); -a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose) - phosphate group
X-Ray Evidence
Rosalind Franklin used X-ray diffraction to get information about the structure of DNA. She aimed an X-ray beam at concentrated DNA samples and recorded the scattering pattern of the X-rays on film.
DNA Bonding
Purines: A & G Pyrimidines: C & T (Chargaff rules) A H+ bonds (2) with T and C H+ bonds (3) with G Van der Waals attractions between the stacked pairs
DNA Replication
strands are complementary; nucleotides line up on template according to base pair rules (Watson)
Origin of replication (bubbles): beginning of replication Replication fork: Y-shaped region where new strands of DNA are elongating Helicase: catalyzes the untwisting of the DNA at the replication fork DNA polymerase: catalyzes the elongation of new DNA
DNA replication is carried out by enzymes that unzip a molecule of DNA. Hydrogen bonds between base pairs are broken and the two strands of DNA unwind. The principal enzyme involved in DNA replication is DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule and then proofreads each new DNA strand.
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Antiparallel nature:
sugar/phosphate backbone runs in opposite directions (Crick) one strand runs 5 to 3, while the other runs 3 to 5; DNA polymerase only adds nucleotides at the free 3 end, forming new DNA strands in the 5 to 3 direction only
DNA Replication
Leading strand: synthesis toward the replication fork (only in a 5 to 3 direction from the 3 to 5 master strand) Lagging strand: synthesis away from the replication fork (Okazaki fragments); joined by DNA ligase (must wait for 3 end to open; again in a 5 to 3 direction) Initiation: Primer (short RNA sequence~w/primase enzyme), begins the replication process
DNA Repair
Mismatch repair: DNA polymerase Excision repair: Nuclease Telomere ends: telomerase
11.What is meant by saying that DNA replication is semiconservative? 12. Briefly describe the steps in DNA replication. 13. Why is replication on one strand of DNA continuous, while on the other strand the replication must be discontinuous? 14. What functional group is at the 5' end of a DNA molecule? 15. Proofreading enzymes scan DNA to check for base pairing errors. Explain why these enzymes are important. 16. A certain chemical is known to fuse thymine with adenine. Comment on the possible effects of exposure to this chemical. 17. Why is the making of exact copies of DNA called replication rather than duplication? 18. If human DNA contains approximately 3x109 base pairs, and DNA polymerase can work at the rate of about 50 nucleotides per second, how can our DNA be replicated so quickly? 19. If 27 percent of the bases in a certain segment of DNA were adenine, what would be the percentages of thymine , cytosine , and guanine . 20. A segment of chromosomal DNA which contains instructions for one protein is a _________.