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Managing Information Technology: HE ATA Esource

Data resources in IT

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Kenen Bhandhavi
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64 views31 pages

Managing Information Technology: HE ATA Esource

Data resources in IT

Uploaded by

Kenen Bhandhavi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MANAGING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

FIFTH EDITION
CHAPTER 5

THE DATA RESOURCE


E. Wainright Martin Carol V. Brown Daniel W. DeHayes Jeffrey A. Hoffer William C. Perkins

WHY MANAGE DATA?


Organizations could not function long without critical business data Cost to replace data would be very high Time to reconcile inconsistent data may be too long Data often needs to be accessed quickly

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Chapter 5 - 2

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WHY MANAGE DATA?


Data should be:

Cataloged Named in standard ways Protected Accessible to those with a need to know Maintained with high quality

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGING THE DATA RESOURCE


The Data Model

Data model overall map for business data needed to effectively manage the data

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGING THE DATA RESOURCE


The Data Model

Data modeling involves:


Methodology, or steps followed to identify and describe data entities Notation, or a way to illustrate data entities graphically

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Chapter 5 - 5

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGING THE DATA RESOURCE


The Data Model

Entity-relationship diagram (ERD)


Most common method for representing a data model and organizational data needs Captures entities and their relationships

Entities things about which data are collected Attributes actual elements of data that are to be collected

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGING THE DATA RESOURCE


The Data Model

NOTE: Entities are Customer, Order, and Product. Attributes of the Customer entity could be customer last name, first name, street, city,
2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 5 - 7

Figure 5.1 Entity-Relationship Diagram

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGING THE DATA RESOURCE


Data Modeling

Enterprise modeling
Top-down approach Describes organization and data requirements at high level, independent of reports, screens, or detailed specifications Not biased by how business operates today

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Data Modeling
Enterprise Modeling Steps: Divide work into major functions Divide each function into processes Divide processes into activities List data entities assigned to each activity Identify relationships between entities

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Chapter 5 - 9

Figure 5.2 Enterprise Decomposition for Data Modeling

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGING THE DATA RESOURCE


Data Modeling

View integration

Bottom-up approach Each report, screen, form, document produced from databases first each called a user view

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGING THE DATA RESOURCE


Data Modeling
View Integration Steps: Create user views Identify data elements in each user view and put into a structure called a normal form Normalize user views Integrate set of entities from normalization into one description Normalization process of creating simple data structures from more complex ones
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TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGING THE DATA RESOURCE


Data Modeling

Data modeling guidelines:


Objective effort must be justified by need Scope broader scope, more chance of failure Outcome uncertainty leads to failure Timing consider an evolutionary approach

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGING THE DATA RESOURCE


Database Architecture Database shared collection of logically related data, organized to meet needs of an organization Database Architecture way in which the data are structured and stored in the database

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Chapter 5 - 14

Figure 5.3 The Data Pyramid

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGING THE DATA RESOURCE


Database Architecture

Six basic database architectures:


Hierarchical (top-down organization) 2. Network (high-volume transaction processing) 3. Relational (data arranged in simple tables) 4. Object-oriented (data and methods encapsulated in object
1.

classes)
5. 6.

Object-relational (hybrid of relational and objectoriented) Multidimensional (used by data warehouses)


Chapter 5 - 15

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGING THE DATA RESOURCE


Tools for Managing Data Database Management System (DBMS) support software used to create, manage, and protect organizational data

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGING THE DATA RESOURCE


Tools for Managing Data

A DBMS helps manage data by providing seven functions:


Data storage, retrieval, update 2. Backup 3. Recovery 4. Integrity control 5. Security control 6. Concurrency control 7. Transaction control
1.
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TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGING THE DATA RESOURCE


Tools for Managing Data

Most popular type of database architecture is relational


Not all relational systems are identical. Best effort to date for standardizing relational databases is SQL

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Chapter 5 - 18

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGING THE DATA RESOURCE


Tools for Managing Data Data Dictionary/Directory (DD/D) central encyclopedia of data definitions and usage information a database about data
Contains: Definition of each entity, relationship, and data element Display formats Integrity rules
2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 5 - 19

Security restrictions Volume and sizes List of applications that use the data

Page 139-140

TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF MANAGING THE DATA RESOURCE


Database Programming Query language a 4 GL, nonprocedural programming language to obtain data from a database, often provided by the DBMS
SQL query language example:
SELECT ORDER#, CUSTOMER#, CUSTNAME, ORDER-DATE FROM CUSTOMER, ORDER WHERE ORDER-DATE > 04/12/05 AND CUSTOMER.CUSTOMER# = ORDER.CUSTOMER#
2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 5 - 20

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MANAGERIAL ISSUES IN MANAGING DATA


Principles in Managing Data

The need to manage data is permanent Data can exist at several levels Application software should be separate from the database Application software can be classified by how they treat data 1. Data capture 2. Data transfer 3. Data analysis and presentation
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Figure 5.4

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MANAGERIAL ISSUES IN MANAGING DATA


Principles in Managing Data

Application software should be considered disposable Data should be captured once There should be strict data standards

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MANAGERIAL ISSUES IN MANAGING DATA


Principles in Managing Data

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Figure 5.5 Types of Data Standards

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MANAGERIAL ISSUES IN MANAGING DATA


The Data Management Process

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Figure 5.6 Asset Management Functions

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Figure 5.7 The Data Warehouse

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MANAGERIAL ISSUES IN MANAGING DATA


Data Management Policies

Organizations should have policies regarding:


Data

ownership Data administration

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MANAGERIAL ISSUES IN MANAGING DATA


Data Ownership Corporate information policy foundation for managing the ownership of data

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Figure 5.8 Example Data Access Policy

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MANAGERIAL ISSUES IN MANAGING DATA


Data Administration

Key functions of the data administration group:


Promote and control data sharing Analyze the impact of changes to application systems when data definitions change Maintain the data dictionary Reduce redundant data and processing Reduce system maintenance costs and improve system development productivity Improve quality and security of data Insure data integrity
Chapter 5 - 30

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

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MANAGERIAL ISSUES IN MANAGING DATA


Data Administration

Key functions of the database administrator (DBA):


Tuning database management systems. Selection and evaluation of and training on database technology. Physical database design.

Design of methods to recover from damage to databases.


Physical placement of databases on specific computers and storage devices. The interface of databases with telecommunications and other technologies.

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Chapter 5 - 31

Page 150-151

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