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Chapter 12
Learning Objectives

Planning for Capital Investments

After studying this chapter, you should be able to: [1] Discuss capital budgeting evaluation, and explain inputs used in capital budgeting. [2] Describe the cash payback technique. [3] Explain the net present value method. [4] Identify the challenges presented by intangible benefits in capital budgeting. [5] Describe the profitability index.

[6] Indicate the benefits of performing a post-audit.

[7] Explain the internal rate of return method. [8] Describe the annual rate of return method.
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Preview of Chapter 12

Managerial Accounting Sixth Edition Weygandt Kimmel Kieso

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The Capital Budgeting Evaluation Process

Corporate capital budget authorization process:
1. Proposals for projects are requested from each department. 2. Proposals are screened by a capital budget committee. 3. Officers determine which projects are worthy of funding. 4. Board of directors approves capital budget.

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LO 1 Discuss capital budgeting evaluation, and explain inputs used in capital budgeting.

The Capital Budgeting Evaluation Process

1. Project proposals are requested from departments, plants, and authorized personnel.

2. Proposals are screened by a capital budget committee.

3. Officers determine which projects are worthy of funding .

Illustration 12-1 12-5

4. Board of directors approves capital budget LO 1

The Capital Budgeting Evaluation Process

Cash Flow Information
For purposes of capital budgeting, estimated cash inflows and outflows are the preferred inputs. Why? Ultimately, the value of all financial investments is determined by the value of cash flows received and paid.

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LO 1 Discuss capital budgeting evaluation, and explain inputs used in capital budgeting.

The Capital Budgeting Evaluation Process

Cash Flow Information
Illustration 12-2 Typical cash flows relating to capital budgeting decisions

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LO 1 Discuss capital budgeting evaluation, and explain inputs used in capital budgeting.

The Capital Budgeting Evaluation Process

Cash Flow Information
Capital budgeting decisions depend on:
1. Availability of funds. 2. Relationships among proposed projects. 3. Companys basic decision-making approach. 4. Risk associated with a particular project.

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LO 1 Discuss capital budgeting evaluation, and explain inputs used in capital budgeting.

The Capital Budgeting Evaluation Process

Illustrative Data
Stewart Shipping Company is considering an investment of $130,000 in new equipment.
Illustration 12-3

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LO 1 Discuss capital budgeting evaluation, and explain inputs used in capital budgeting.

Cash Payback
Cash payback technique identifies the time period required to

recover the cost of the capital investment from the net annual
cash inflow produced by the investment.
Illustration 12-4

Cash payback period for Stewart is

$130,000 $24,000 = 5.42 years

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LO 2 Describe the cash payback technique.

Cash Payback
Shorter payback period = More attractive the investment.

In the case of uneven net annual cash flows, the company

determines the cash payback period when the cumulative net cash flows from the investment equal the cost of the

investment.

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LO 2 Describe the cash payback technique.

Cash Payback
Shorter payback period = More attractive the investment.

In the case of uneven net annual cash flows, the company

determines the cash payback period when the :

Cumulative net cash flows from the investment

Cost of the investment

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LO 2 Describe the cash payback technique.

Cash Payback
Illustration: Chen Company proposes an investment in a new
website that is estimated to cost $300,000.
Illustration 12-5

Cash payback should not be the only basis for the capital budgeting decision as it ignores the expected profitability of the project.

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LO 2 Describe the cash payback technique.

Watertown Paper Corporation is considering adding another machine for the manufacture of corrugated cardboard. The machine would cost $900,000. It would have an estimated life of 6 years and no salvage value. The company estimates that annual cash inflows would increase by $400,000 and that annual cash outflows would increase by $190,000. Compute the cash payback period.

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LO 2 Describe the cash payback technique.

Cash Payback
Question
A $100,000 investment with a zero scrap value has an 8-year life. Compute the payback period if straight-line depreciation is used and net income is determined to be $20,000.

a. 8.00 years.
b. 3.08 years. c. 5.00 years. d. 13.33 years.

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LO 2 Describe the cash payback technique.

Net Present Value Method

Discounted cash flow technique:

Generally recognized as the best approach.

Considers both the estimated total cash inflows and the time value of money.

Two methods:

Net present value. Internal rate of return.

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LO 3 Explain the net present value method.

Net Present Value Method

Net Present Value (NPV) method

Cash inflows are discounted to their present value and

then compared with the capital outlay required by the investment.

The interest rate used in discounting is the required

minimum rate of return.

Proposal is acceptable when NPV is zero or positive.

The higher the positive NPV, the more attractive the

investment.
LO 3 Explain the net present value method.

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Net Present Value Method

Proposal is acceptable when net present value is zero or positive.
Illustration 12-6 Net present value decision criteria

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LO 3

Net Present Value Method

Equal Annual Cash Flows
Illustration: Stewart Shipping Companys annual cash flows are $24,000. If we assume this amount is uniform over the assets useful life, we can compute the present value of the net annual cash flows.
Illustration 12-7

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LO 3 Explain the net present value method.

Net Present Value Method

Equal Annual Cash Flows
Illustration: Calculate the present value.
Illustration 12-8

The proposed capital expenditure is acceptable at a required rate of return of 12% because the net present value is positive.

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LO 3 Explain the net present value method.

Net Present Value Method

Unequal Annual Cash Flows
Illustration: Stewart Shipping Company expects the same total net cash flows of $240,000 over the life of the investment. Because of a declining market demand for the new product the

net annual cash flows are higher in the early years and lower in
the later years.

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LO 3 Explain the net present value method.

Net Present Value Method

Unequal Annual Cash Flows
Illustration 12-9 Computation of present value of unequal annual cash flows

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LO 3 Explain the net present value method.

Net Present Value Method

Unequal Annual Cash Flows
Illustration: Calculate the net present value.
Illustration 12-10

Proposed capital expenditure is acceptable at a required rate of return of 12% because the net present value is positive.

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LO 3 Explain the net present value method.

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Net Present Value Method

Choosing a Discount Rate
In most instances a company uses a required rate of return equal to its cost of capital that is, the rate that it must pay to obtain funds from creditors and stockholders.

Discount rate has two elements:

Cost of capital. Risk.

Rate also know as required rate of return. hurdle rate. cutoff rate.

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LO 3 Explain the net present value method.

Net Present Value Method

Choosing a Discount Rate
Illustration: Stewart Shipping used a discount rate of 12%.

Suppose this rate does not take into account the risk of the
project. A more appropriate rate might be 15%.
Illustration 12-11

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LO 3 Explain the net present value method.

Net Present Value Method

Simplifying Assumptions

All cash flows come at the end of each year. All cash flows are immediately reinvested in another project that has a similar return.

All cash flows can be predicted with certainty.

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LO 3 Explain the net present value method.

Net Present Value Method

Question
Compute the net present value of a $260,000 investment with a 10-year life, annual cash inflows of $50,000 and a discount rate of 12%.

a. $(9,062).
b. $22,511. c. $9,062. d. $(22,511).

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LO 3 Explain the net present value method.

Watertown Paper Corporation is considering adding another machine for the manufacture of corrugated cardboard. The machine would cost $900,000. It would have an estimated life of 6 years and no salvage value. The company estimates that annual

cash inflows would increase by $400,000 and that annual cash outflows would increase by $190,000. Management has a
required rate of return of 9%. Calculate the net present value on this project and discuss whether it should be accepted.

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LO 3 Explain the net present value method.

Calculate the net present value on this project and discuss whether it should be accepted.

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LO 3 Explain the net present value method.

Net Present Value Method

Comprehensive Example
Best Taste Foods is considering investing in new equipment to
produce fat-free snack foods.
Illustration 12-12 Investment information for Best Taste

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LO 3 Explain the net present value method.

Net Present Value Method

Comprehensive Example
Compute the net annual cash flow.
Illustration 12-13

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LO 3 Explain the net present value method.

Net Present Value Method

Comprehensive Example
Compute the net present value.
Illustration 12-14

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LO 3 Explain the net present value method.

Additional Considerations
Intangible Benefits
Intangible benefits might include increased quality, improved safety, or enhanced employee loyalty. To avoid rejecting projects with intangible benefits:
1. Calculate net present value ignoring intangible benefits. 2. Project rough, conservative estimates of the value of the intangible benefits, and incorporate these values into the NPV calculation.

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LO 4 Identify the challenges presented by intangible benefits in capital budgeting.

Additional Considerations
Example - Berg Company is considering the purchase of a
new mechanical robot.
Illustration 12-15

Based on the negative net present value of $30,493, the proposed project is not acceptable.

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LO 4

Additional Considerations
Example - Berg estimates that sales will increase cash inflows by
$10,000 annually as a result of an increase in quality. Berg also estimates that annual cost outflows would be reduced by $5,000 as a result of lower warranty claims, reduced injury claims, and missed work.
Berg would accept the project.
Illustration 12-16

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LO 4

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Additional Considerations
Profitability Index for Mutually Exclusive Projects

Proposals are often mutually exclusive. Managers often must choose between various positiveNPV projects because of limited resources.

Tempting to choose the project with the higher NPV.

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LO 5 Describe the profitability index.

Additional Considerations
Profitability Index for Mutually Exclusive Projects
Illustration: Two mutually exclusive projects, each assumed to have a 10-year life and a 12% discount rate.
Illustration 12-17

Illustration 12-18

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LO 5

Additional Considerations
Profitability Index for Mutually Exclusive Projects
Illustration: One method of comparing alternative projects is the profitability index.
Illustration 12-18

Illustration 12-20

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LO 5

Additional Considerations
Question
Assume Project A has a present value of net cash inflows of $79,600 and an initial investment of $60,000. Project B has a present value of net cash inflows of $82,500 and an initial investment of $75,000. Assuming the projects are mutually exclusive, which project should management select?
a. Project A. b. Project B.

c.

Project A or B.

d. There is not enough data to answer the question.

LO 5 Describe the profitability index.

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Additional Considerations
Risk Analysis
A simplifying assumption made by many financial analysts is that projected results are known with certainty.

Projected results are only estimates. Sensitivity analysis is used to deal with uncertainty.

Sensitivity analysis uses a number of outcome estimates to get a sense of the variability among potential returns.

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LO 5 Describe the profitability index.

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Additional Considerations
Post-Audit of Investment Projects
Performing a post-audit is important.

If managers know that their estimates will be compared to actual results they will be more likely to submit reasonable and accurate data when making investment proposals. Provides a formal mechanism to determine whether existing projects should be supported or terminated.

Improve future investment proposals.

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LO 6 Indicate the benefits of performing a post-audit.

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Other Capital Budgeting Techniques

Internal Rate of Return Method

Differs from the net present value method in that it finds the interest yield of the potential investment. Internal rate of return (IRR) - interest rate that will cause the present value of the proposed capital expenditure to equal the present value of the expected net annual cash flows (NPV equal to zero).

How does one determine the internal rate of return?

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LO 7 Explain the internal rate of return method.

Other Capital Budgeting Techniques

Internal Rate of Return Method
Illustration: Stewart Shipping Company is considering the purchase of a new front-end loader at a cost of $244,371. Net annual cash flows from this loader are estimated to be $100,000 a year for three years. Determine the internal rate of return on this front-end loader.
Illustration 12-21 Estimation of internal rate of return

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LO 7

Other Capital Budgeting Techniques

Internal Rate of Return Method
An easier approach to solving for the internal rate of return when net annual cash flows are equal.
Illustration 12-22

Applying the formula:

$244,371 / $100,000 = 2.44371

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LO 7 Explain the internal rate of return method.

Other Capital Budgeting Techniques

Internal Rate of Return Method
Illustration 12-23 Internal rate of return decision criteria

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LO 7

Watertown Paper Corporation is considering adding another machine for the manufacture of corrugated cardboard. The machine would cost $900,000. It would have an estimated life of 6 years and no salvage value. The company estimates that annual cash inflows would increase by $400,000 and that annual cash outflows would increase by $190,000. Management has a required rate of return of 9%. Calculate the internal rate of return on this project and discuss whether it should be accepted.

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LO 7 Explain the internal rate of return method.

Calculate the internal rate of return. Estimated annual cash inflows Estimated annual cash outflows Net annual cash flow + $400,000 190,000 210,000

Machine cost
Net annual cash flow PV Factor

900,000
210,000 4.28571

Now, find the rate that corresponds to the present value factor.
LO 7 Explain the internal rate of return method.

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Find the rate that corresponds to the present value factor.

PV Factor

4.28571

Since the required rate of return is only 9%, the project should be accepted.

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LO 7 Explain the internal rate of return method.

Other Capital Budgeting Techniques

Comparing Discounted Cash Flow Methods
Illustration 12-24

Either method will provide management with relevant quantitative data for making capital budgeting decisions.
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LO 7 Explain the internal rate of return method.

Other Capital Budgeting Techniques

Annual Rate of Return Method
Indicates the profitability of a capital expenditure by dividing expected annual net income by the average investment.
Illustration 12-25

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LO 8 Describe the annual rate of return method.

Other Capital Budgeting Techniques

Annual Rate of Return Method
Illustration: Reno Company is considering an investment of $130,000 in new equipment. The new equipment is expected to last five years and have zero salvage value at the end of its useful life. Reno uses the straight-line method of depreciation.
Illustration 12-26

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LO 8 Describe the annual rate of return method.

Other Capital Budgeting Techniques

Annual Rate of Return Method
Illustration 12-27

130,000 + 0 2 Expected annual rate of return $13,000 $65,000

= $65,000

= 20%

A project is acceptable if its rate of return is greater than managements required rate of return.
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LO 8

Watertown Paper Corporation is considering adding another machine for the manufacture of corrugated cardboard. The machine would cost $900,000. It would have an estimated life of 6 years and no salvage value. The company estimates that annual revenues would increase by $400,000 and that annual expenses excluding depreciation would increase by $190,000. It uses the straight-line method to compute depreciation expense. Management has a required rate of return of 9%. Compute the annual rate of return.

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LO 8 Describe the annual rate of return method.

Compute the annual rate of return.

The proposed project is acceptable.

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LO 8 Describe the annual rate of return method.

Cornfield Company is considering a long-term capital investment project in laser equipment. This will require an investment of $280,000, and it will have a useful life of 5 years. Annual net income is expected to be $16,000 a year. Depreciation is computed by the straight-line method with no salvage value. The companys cost of capital is 10%. (Hint: Assume cash flows can be computed by adding back depreciation expense.) (a) Compute the cash payback period for the project. (Round to two decimals.)

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(a) Compute the cash payback period for the project. (Round to two decimals.) Investment Net income $16,000 $280,000

Depreciation ($280,000 5)
Annual cash flow Cash Payback Period

56,000
72,000 3.89 years

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(b) Compute the net present value for the project. (Round to nearest dollar.) Discount factor (5 periods @ 10%) Present value of net cash flows: 3.79079

$72,000 x 3.79079
Capital investment Negative net present value

$272,937
280,000 $ (7,063)

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(c) Compute the annual rate of return for the project. Net income Average investment ($280,000 2) Annual rate of return $16,000 140,000 11.4%

(d) Should the project be accepted? Why?

The annual rate of return of 11.4% is good. However, the cash payback period is 78% of the projects useful life, and net present value is negative. Recommendation is to reject the project.

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