HDL-Based Digital Design

Part I: Introduction to VHDL (I)

UDHAYA KUMAR.C ,Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

What is VHDL?
VHDL: VHSIC Hardware Description Language
VHSIC: Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Developed originally by DARPA for specifying digital systems International IEEE standard (IEEE 1076-1993) Hardware Description, Simulation, Synthesis

Practical benefits:
a mechanism for digital design and reusable design documentation Model interoperability among vendors Third party vendor support Design re-use.

VHDL vs. C/Pascal

C/Pascal:
Procedural programming languages Typically describe procedures for computing a maths function or manipulation of data (e.g., sorting, matrix computing) A program is a recipe or a sequence of steps for how to perform a computation or manipulate data.

VHDL:
a language to describe digital systems. Purposes: simulation and synthesis of digital systems.

Lets Start Simple

Support different description levels
Structural (specifying interconnections of the gates), Dataflow (specifying logic equations), and Behavioral (specifying behavior)

Domains and Levels of Modeling Functional Structural

high level of abstraction low level of abstraction

Geometric

Y-chart due to Gajski & Kahn

Domains and Levels of Modeling Functional Structural

Algorithm (behavioral) Register-Transfer Language Boolean Equation Differential Equation

Geometric

Y-chart due to Gajski & Kahn

Domains and Levels of Modeling Functional Structural

Processor-Memory Switch
Register-Transfer Gate Transistor

Geometric

Y-chart due to Gajski & Kahn

Domains and Levels of Modeling Functional Structural

Polygons Sticks Standard Cells

Floor Plan

Geometric

Y-chart due to Gajski & Kahn

VHDL Description of Combinational Networks

Entity-Architecture Pair

entity name port names

port mode (direction) punctuation port type

reserved words

VHDL Program Structure

4-bit Adder

4-bit Adder (contd)

4-bit Adder - Simulation

Modeling Flip-Flops Using VHDL Processes

General form of process

Whenever one of the signals in the sensitivity list changes, the sequential statements are executed in sequence one time

D Flip-flop Model
Bit values are enclosed in single quotes

JK Flip-Flop Model

JK Flip-Flop Model

Using Nested IFs and ELSEIFs

VHDL Models for a MUX

Sel represents the integer equivalent of a 2-bit binary number with bits A and B If a MUX model is used inside a process, the MUX can be modeled using a CASE statement (cannot use a concurrent statement):

MUX Models (1)

library IEEE; use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all; use IEEE.std_logic_unsigned.all; entity SELECTOR is port ( A : in std_logic_vector(15 downto 0); SEL : in std_logic_vector( 3 downto 0); Y : out std_logic); end SELECTOR; architecture RTL1 of SELECTOR is begin p0 : process (A, SEL) begin if (SEL = "0000") then Y <= A(0); elsif (SEL = "0001") then Y <= A(1); elsif (SEL = "0010") then Y <= A(2); elsif (SEL = "0011") then Y <= A(3); elsif (SEL = "0100") then Y <= A(4); elsif (SEL = "0101") then Y <= A(5); elsif (SEL = "0110") then Y <= A(6); elsif (SEL = "0111") then Y <= A(7); elsif (SEL = "1000") then Y <= A(8); elsif (SEL = "1001") then Y <= A(9); elsif (SEL = "1010") then Y <= A(10); elsif (SEL = "1011") then Y <= A(11); elsif (SEL = "1100") then Y <= A(12); elsif (SEL = "1101") then Y <= A(13); elsif (SEL = "1110") then Y <= A(14); else Y <= A(15); end if; end process; end RTL1;

MUX Models (2)

library IEEE; use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all; use IEEE.std_logic_unsigned.all; entity SELECTOR is port ( A : in std_logic_vector(15 downto 0); SEL : in std_logic_vector( 3 downto 0); Y : out std_logic); end SELECTOR; architecture RTL3 of SELECTOR is begin with SEL select Y <= A(0) when "0000", A(1) when "0001", A(2) when "0010", A(3) when "0011", A(4) when "0100", A(5) when "0101", A(6) when "0110", A(7) when "0111", A(8) when "1000", A(9) when "1001", A(10) when "1010", A(11) when "1011", A(12) when "1100", A(13) when "1101", A(14) when "1110", A(15) when others; end RTL3;

MUX Models (3)

library IEEE; use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all; use IEEE.std_logic_unsigned.all; entity SELECTOR is port ( A : in std_logic_vector(15 downto 0); SEL : in std_logic_vector( 3 downto 0); Y : out std_logic); end SELECTOR; architecture RTL2 of SELECTOR is begin p1 : process (A, SEL) begin case SEL is when "0000" => Y <= A(0); when "0001" => Y <= A(1); when "0010" => Y <= A(2); when "0011" => Y <= A(3); when "0100" => Y <= A(4); when "0101" => Y <= A(5); when "0110" => Y <= A(6); when "0111" => Y <= A(7); when "1000" => Y <= A(8); when "1001" => Y <= A(9); when "1010" => Y <= A(10); when "1011" => Y <= A(11); when "1100" => Y <= A(12); when "1101" => Y <= A(13); when "1110" => Y <= A(14); when others => Y <= A(15); end case; end process; end RTL2;

MUX Models (4)

library IEEE; use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all; use IEEE.std_logic_unsigned.all; entity SELECTOR is port ( A : in std_logic_vector(15 downto 0); SEL : in std_logic_vector( 3 downto 0); Y : out std_logic); end SELECTOR; architecture RTL4 of SELECTOR is begin Y <= A(conv_integer(SEL)); end RTL4;

Compilation and Simulation of VHDL Code

Compiler (Analyzer) checks the VHDL source code
does it conforms with VHDL syntax and semantic rules are references to libraries correct

Intermediate form used by a simulator or by a synthesizer Elaboration

create ports, allocate memory storage, create interconnections, ... establish mechanism for executing of VHDL processes

Timing Model
VHDL uses the following simulation cycle to model the stimulus and response nature of digital hardware Start Simulation Delay

Update Signals

Execute Processes

End Simulation

Delay Types
All VHDL signal assignment statements prescribe an amount of time that must transpire before the signal assumes its new value This prescribed delay can be in one of three forms:
Transport -- prescribes propagation delay only Inertial -- prescribes propagation delay and minimum input pulse width Delta -- the default if no delay time is explicitly specified Input Output delay

Transport Delay
Transport delay must be explicitly specified
I.e. keyword TRANSPORT must be used

Signal will assume its new value after specified delay

-- TRANSPORT delay example Output <= TRANSPORT NOT Input AFTER 10 ns;

Input

Output
Input Output 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Inertial Delay
Provides for specification propagation delay and input pulse width, i.e. inertia of output:
target <= [REJECT time_expression] INERTIAL waveform;

Inertial delay is default and REJECT is optional:

Output <= NOT Input AFTER 10 ns; -- Propagation delay and minimum pulse width are 10ns

Input

Output

Input Output 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Inertial Delay (cont.)

Example of gate with inertia smaller than propagation delay e.g. Inverter with propagation delay of 10ns which suppresses pulses shorter than 5ns Output <= REJECT 5ns INERTIAL NOT Input AFTER 10ns;

Input Output 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Note: the REJECT feature is new to VHDL 1076-1993

Delta Delay
Default signal assignment propagation delay if no delay is explicitly prescribed
VHDL signal assignments do not take place immediately Delta is an infinitesimal VHDL time unit so that all signal assignments can result in signals assuming their values at a future time E.g.
Output <= NOT Input; -- Output assumes new value in one delta cycle

Supports a model of concurrent VHDL process execution

Order in which processes are executed by simulator does not affect simulation output

Simulation Example

Problem #1
entity not_another_prob is

Using the labels, list the order in which the following signal assignments are evaluated if in2 changes from a '0' to a '1'. Assume in1 has been a '1' and in2 has been a '0' for a long time, and then at time t in2 changes from a '0' to a '1'.

port (in1, in2: in bit; a: out bit); end not_another_prob;

architecture oh_behave of not_another_prob is signal b, c, d, e, f: bit; begin L1: d <= not(in1); L2: c<= not(in2); L3: f <= (d and in2) ; L4: e <= (c and in1) ; L5: a <= not b; L6: b <= e or f; end oh_behave;

Problem #2
Under what conditions do the two assignments below result in the same behavior? Different behavior? Draw waveforms to support your answers.
out <= reject 5 ns inertial (not a) after 20 ns; out <= transport (not a) after 20 ns;

Modeling a Sequential Machine

Mealy Machine for 8421 BCD to 8421 BCD + 3 bit serial converter

How to model this in VHDL?

Behavioral VHDL Model

Two processes: the first represents the combinational network; the second represents the state register

Simulation of the VHDL Model

Simulation command file:

Waveforms:

Dataflow VHDL Model

Q1 (t ) Q2 Q2 (t ) Q1 Q3 (t ) Q1Q2Q3 X ' Q1Q '3 X ' Q '1 Q '2 Z X ' Q '3 XQ3

Structural Model

Package bit_pack is a part of library BITLIB includes gates, flip-flops, counters

Simulation of the Structural Model

Simulation command file:

Waveforms:

Wait Statements
... an alternative to a sensitivity list Note: a process cannot have both wait statement(s) and a sensitivity list Generic form of a process with wait statement(s)
process begin sequential-statements wait statement sequential-statements wait-statement ... end process;
How wait statements work? Execute seq. statement until a wait statement is encountered. Wait until the specified condition is satisfied. Then execute the next set of sequential statements until the next wait statement is encountered. ... When the end of the process is reached start over again at the beginning.

Forms of Wait Statements

wait on sensitivity-list; wait for time-expression; wait until boolean-expression;

Wait on
until one of the signals in the sensitivity list changes

Wait until
the Boolean expression is evaluated whenever one of the signals in the expression changes, and the process continues execution when the expression evaluates to TRUE

Wait for
waits until the time specified by the time expression has elapsed

What is this:
wait for 0 ns;

Using Wait Statements (1)

Using Wait Statements (2)