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PHASOR Diagrams of Basic Electrical Engineering

This document discusses sinusoids, phasors, and complex numbers as they relate to electrical engineering. It defines key terms like period, frequency, amplitude, and phase for sinusoids. It introduces complex numbers and phasors, which represent the magnitude and phase of a sinusoid. The document explains how to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on complex numbers and phasors. It also discusses how complex exponentials provide the link between sinusoidal time functions and phasors.

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Subrato Kumar Pati
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159 views18 pages

PHASOR Diagrams of Basic Electrical Engineering

This document discusses sinusoids, phasors, and complex numbers as they relate to electrical engineering. It defines key terms like period, frequency, amplitude, and phase for sinusoids. It introduces complex numbers and phasors, which represent the magnitude and phase of a sinusoid. The document explains how to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on complex numbers and phasors. It also discusses how complex exponentials provide the link between sinusoidal time functions and phasors.

Uploaded by

Subrato Kumar Pati
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sinusoids

Period: T
Time necessary to go through one cycle

Frequency: f = 1/T
Cycles per second

Radian frequency: w = 2p f Amplitude: VM

Phase
8 6 4 2 0 -2 0 -4 -6 -8 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Leading and Lagging Phase


x1 (t ) X M 1 coswt q
x2 (t ) X M 2 coswt
x1(t) leads x2(t) by q- x2(t) lags x1(t) by q-

Complex Numbers

imaginary axis y q x

real axis

x is the real part y is the imaginary part z is the magnitude q is the phase

More Complex Numbers


Polar Coordinates: A = z q Rectangular Coordinates: A = x + jy

x z cosq

y z sin q

z x y
2

y q tan x
1

There is a good chance that your calculator will convert from rectangular to polar and from polar to rectangular.

Arithmetic With Complex Numbers


We need to be able to perform computation with complex numbers. Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

Addition
Addition is most easily performed in rectangular coordinates: A = x + jy B = z + jw A + B = (x + z) + j(y + w)

Addition
Imaginary Axis
A+B

Real Axis

Subtraction
Subtraction is most easily performed in rectangular coordinates: A = x + jy B = z + jw A - B = (x - z) + j(y - w)

Subtraction
Imaginary Axis

A-B

Real Axis

Multiplication
Multiplication is most easily performed in polar coordinates: A = AM q B = BM A B = (AM BM) (q )

Multiplication
Imaginary Axis
B

AB

Real Axis

Division
Division is most easily performed in polar coordinates: A = AM q B = BM A / B = (AM / BM) (q )

Division
Imaginary Axis
B

Real Axis

A/B

Phasors
A phasor is a complex number that represents the magnitude and phase of a sinusoid:

X M coswt q

X X M q

Complex Exponentials
A complex exponential is the mathematical tool needed to obtain phasor of a sinusoidal function. A complex exponential is ejwt = cos wt + j sin wt A complex number A = z q can be represented A = z q = z ejq = z cos q + j z sin q We represent a real-valued sinusoid as the real part of a complex exponential. Complex exponentials provide the link between time functions and phasors. Complex exponentials make solving for AC steady state an algebraic problem

Complex Exponentials (contd)


What do you get when you multiple A with ejwt for the real part?

Aejwt = z ejq ejwt = z ej(wt+q

z ej(wt+q = z cos (wt+q + j z sin (wt+q


Re[Aejwt] = z cos (wt+q

Sinusoids, Complex Exponentials, and Phasors


Sinusoid:

z cos (wt+q Re[Aejwt]


Complex exponential:

Aejwt = z ej(wt+q, A z ejq,


Phasor for the above sinusoid:

V=zq

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