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Lecture 2

This document discusses various topics related to materials engineering including: 1. It defines concepts like strain, deformation, normal strain, shear strain, and Poisson's ratio. It also discusses the origin of thermal strain. 2. It provides examples of constitutive models for materials including linear elastic and perfectly plastic models. 3. It contrasts the differences between brittle materials and ductile materials in terms of their strength, deformation mechanisms, failure modes, and examples. 4. It discusses the concept of material toughness and how to approximate the nonlinear portion of a stress-strain curve to simplify calculations of toughness.

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67 views28 pages

Lecture 2

This document discusses various topics related to materials engineering including: 1. It defines concepts like strain, deformation, normal strain, shear strain, and Poisson's ratio. It also discusses the origin of thermal strain. 2. It provides examples of constitutive models for materials including linear elastic and perfectly plastic models. 3. It contrasts the differences between brittle materials and ductile materials in terms of their strength, deformation mechanisms, failure modes, and examples. 4. It discusses the concept of material toughness and how to approximate the nonlinear portion of a stress-strain curve to simplify calculations of toughness.

Uploaded by

denis1808scribd
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Double-Shear

Six-fold Shear
The origin of internal force
Origin of internal force
The carbon nanotube with high strength
Space Elevator: Nanotube to the moon ?
The crash of the Columbia may spur development of
The space elevator a 64,000 mile strip of carbon nanotube
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Right now. In their plan, elevators would go up and down
The strip, launching things into space. But 64,000 miles
Is just a quarter of the 240,000 miles from Earth to the
Surface of the moon. Other crazy ideas ?
Lecture 3: Strain and Stress
Strain Relationships
Shaofan Li
University of California at Berkeley
3.1 What is Strain
Definition 1: DISPLACEMENT is the change of position of a
material point during a motion
Definition 2: DEFORMATION is the relative displacement
) ( ) ( X u X X u = +A
) ( ) ( X u X X u = +A
1. , there is no deformation, the bar is experienced a
rigid-body motion.
2. , the infinitesimal segment either elongates or
shortens
Definition of normal strain
Normal Strain is a measure of relative deformation
Average
strain
Definition of normal strain
Normal Strain is a measure of relative deformation
dx
du
x
x u x x u
x
x
=
+
=
A
A
c
A
) ( ) (
lim ) (
0
Shear Strain is the change of a right angle
u tan ~
Definition of Shear Strain
Original
0.57735 strain Shear =
Definition of Shear Strain
1.0 strain Shear = 2.0 strain Shear =
No volume change !
strain normal
strain lateral
= v
Poissons ratio
Thermal strain
Linear coefficient of thermal expansion:




expansion thermal of t coefficien linear the is
T
L
T
T
o
A o
o
c ,
0
= =
The origin of thermal strain
Increase of mean atomic spacing
T and L T L
T
A o c A o A = =
Example
Suppose that a bar with
Diameter 20 mm is heated
To 200 C (AT=200C). What
Tensile force should be applied
To maintain its cross-sectional
Dimension ?

kN 490
TAE
P
Therefore
T
AE
P
P/A E and
T
Solution
total
n
T n T
total
=

=
=
= + =
= =
= = + =

3 . 0
) 02 . 0 (
4
10 200 200 10 7 . 11
,
0
, /
, , ,
] [
2 9 6
t
u
A o
A o v c
o o c
A o c vc c c c c


Tensile Test
Stress-Strain Relation
Constitutive Models
Linear elastic
perfectly or rigid plastic
c o E =
Hookes law
Constitutive Models
Linear elastic-perfectly plastic
Brittle Materials via
Ductile Materials
Brittle Materials:
(1) Material strength is controlled by tensile strength;
(2) Deformation is mainly elastic;
(3) The material failure mechanism is due to bond breaking;
(4) It usually has small toughness;
(5) Examples: Concrete, cast iron, ceramics, dry bone, etc.

Ductile Materials:
(1) Material strength is controlled by shear strength;
(2) Deformation is largely inelastic;
(3) The material failure mechanism is ductile fracture;
(4) It usually has high toughness, i.e. capable of absorbing impact;
(5) Examples: mile steels, copper, aluminums, and various alloys, etc.
Brittle Materials via Ductile Materials
Brittle Failure via Ductile Failure
Material toughness
Toughness: Refers to the capacity of a material of absorb energy prior to
failure. Its value is equal to the entire area under the stress-strain curve. In
most cases, the area under the elastic portion of the curve is a very small
percentage of the total area and may be ignored in the calculation of the
modulus of toughness.
To further simplify the calculation, the nonlinear portion of the stress-
strain curve is approximated by a series of straight lines as shown to the right.

Lecture 4: One-dimensional Model
Shaofan Li
University of California at Berkeley
Brittle Failure via Ductile Failure
2.0) - 1.6 (usually 1 SF
t coefficien safty the is SF SF
allow
ult
>
= ,
o
o

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