Getting Started with MATLAB
CS534 TA: Chunhui Zhu [email protected] Sep 16th, 2011
Thanks to the help from Tuo Wang and Prof. Dyer in making these slides.
Outline
Introduction to MATLAB
Basics & Examples
Image Processing with MATLAB
Basics & Examples
What is MATLAB?
MATLAB = Matrix Laboratory MATLAB is an interactive, matrix-based system for scientific and engineering numeric computation and visualization. You can solve complex numerical problems in a fraction of the time required with a programming Language such as Fortran or C. ---- Matlab Primer
MATLAB vs. JAVA&C++
Task: compute the eigenvectors and eigenvalues for matrix A JAVA/C++: OK, let me first define a matrix struct or class, then look up the eigenvalue definition in linear algebra book, figure out the solution, write the code and debugHopefully, get the right answer MATLAB: One command line. MATLAB: quick implementation of your idea JAVA&C++: for development
The MATLAB Environment
MATLAB Help
MATLAB Help (cont.)
Search by keywords
Type in command window: help functionname(eg. help sqrt)
Entering Matrices
By an explicit list of elements
A=[1,2,3; 4 5 6; 7 8, 9];
By built-in statements and functions:
Evenly distributed vector: 0:0.5:2 generates[0,0.5,1.5,2] zeros(n,m), ones(n,m), eye(n,m), rand(), randn(),repmat()
Load from external data files or applications
Basic Operations on Matrices
All operators in MATLAB are defined on matrices: +, -, *, /, ^, sqrt, sin, cos, etc. Element-wise operators defined with a preceding dot: .*, ./, .^ Be sure about whether matrix operations or element-wise operators are using!
Logical Operators
==, <, >, (not equal) ~=, (not) ~ find(condition) Returns indexes of As elements that satisfy the condition
Logical Operators (cont.)
Example: >>A=[7 3 5; 6 2 1], [r,c] = find(A < 4)
A=
7 3 5 6 2 1
r =
1 2 2
c = 2 2 3
Some Built-in Matrix Funcs
[eigVec,eigVal]=eig(A), eigenvectors and eigenvalues for matrix A inv(A),inverse of matrix A det(A),determinant of matrix A rank(A),the rank of matrix A size(A,1),number of rows of Matrix A; size(A,2), number of columns
Variable Name in Matlab
Variable naming rules
- must be unique in the first 63 characters
- must begin with a letter - may not contain blank spaces or other types of punctuation
- may contain any combination of letters, digits, and underscores
- are case-sensitive - should not use Matlab keyword
Pre-defined variable names pi
Scripts and Functions
There are two kinds of M-files(.m):
Scripts, which do not accept input arguments or return output arguments. They operate on data in the workspace. When executed, it equals to orderly type the command lines in the command window. Functions, which can accept input arguments and return output arguments. Internal variables are local to the function
Functions in MATLAB (cont.)
Example: A file called stat.m: function [mean, stdev]=stat(x) %STAT Interesting statistics. n=length(x); mean=sum(x)/n; stdev=sqrt(sum((x-mean).^2)/n); Defines a new function called stat that calculates the mean and standard deviation of a vector. Function name and file name should be the SAME!
CODE
Suggested Project Organization
A script file + Several self-defined function files Script file acting like a main.cpp in C++, it calls the self-defined functions or built-in system functions. Self-defined function files implement details of algorithms. DEMO
Flow Control
MATLAB has five flow control constructs:
if statement switch statement for loop while loop break statement
if
IF statement condition
The general form of the IF statement is
IF expression
statements
ELSEIF expression
statements
ELSE
statements
END
CODE
switch
SWITCH Switch among several cases based on expression The general form of SWITCH statement is:
SWITCH switch_expr
CASE case_expr,
statement, , statement
CASE {case_expr1, case_expr2, case_expr3, }
statement, , statement
OTHERWISE
statement, , statement
END
switch (cont.)
Note:
Only the statements between the matching CASE and the next CASE, OTHERWISE, or END are executed Unlike C, the SWITCH statement does not fall through (so BREAKs are unnecessary)
CODE
for
FOR repeats statements a specific number of times The general form of a FOR statement is:
FOR variable=expr
statements
END
CODE
while
WHILE repeats statements an indefinite number of times The general form of a WHILE statement is:
WHILE expression
statements
END
CODE
It seems like I can use these loops as I do in C/C++/Java
Try to AVOID THIS!
Time Cost Comparison
Loop vs. No Loop
A = rand(1000,1000);B = rand(1000,1000); for i = 1:size(A,1), for j = 1:size(A,2), C(i,j) = A(i,j) + B(i,j); end end Using loop: Elapsed time is 1.125289 seconds.
Time Cost Comparison(cont.)
Loop vs. no loop C=A+B
Elapsed time is 0.002346 seconds.
Visualization and Graphics
plot(x,y),plot(x,sin(x)) plot 1D function figure, figure(k) open a new figure hold on, hold off refreshing axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]) change axes title(figure titile) add title to figure mesh(x_ax,y_ax,z_mat) view surface contour(z_mat) view z as topo map subplot(3,1,2) locate several plots in figure
- CODE and Debug CODE
Saving your Work
save mysession
% creates mysession.mat with all variables save mysession a b
% save only variables a and b clear all % clear all variables clear a b % clear variables a and b load mysession % load session
Debug Techniques
Debug is essential. Easy and flexible access during debug. DEMO
Outline
Introduction to MATLAB
Basics & Examples
Image Processing with MATLAB
Basics & Examples
What is the Image Processing Toolbox?
The Image Processing Toolbox is a collection of functions that extend the capabilities of the MATLABs numeric computing environment. The toolbox supports a wide range of image processing operations, including:
Geometric operations Neighborhood and block operations Linear filtering and filter design Transforms Image analysis and enhancement Binary image operations Region of interest operations
Images in MATLAB
MATLAB can import/export several image formats:
BMP (Microsoft Windows Bitmap) GIF (Graphics Interchange Files) HDF (Hierarchical Data Format) JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) PCX (Paintbrush) PNG (Portable Network Graphics) TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) XWD (X Window Dump) raw-data and other types of image data
Data types in MATLAB
Double (64-bit double-precision floating point) Single (32-bit single-precision floating point) Int32 (32-bit signed integer) Int16 (16-bit signed integer) Int8 (8-bit signed integer) Uint32 (32-bit unsigned integer) Uint16 (16-bit unsigned integer) Uint8 (8-bit unsigned integer)
Images in MATLAB
Binary images : {0,1} Intensity images : [0,1] or uint8, double etc.
RGB images : m n 3 Multidimensional images: m n p (p is the number of layers)
Image Import and Export
Read and write images in Matlab img = imread('apple.jpg'); dim = size(img); figure; imshow(img); imwrite(img, 'output.bmp', 'bmp'); Alternatives to imshow imagesc(I) imtool(I) image(I)
Images and Matrices
How to build a matrix (or image)? Intensity Image:
Row 1 to 256 o Column 1 to 256 [256, 256] [0, 0]
row = 256; col = 256; img = zeros(row, col); img(100:105, :) = 0.5; img(:, 100:105) = 1; figure; imshow(img);
Images and Matrices
Binary Image:
row = 256; col = 256; img = rand(row, col); img = round(img); figure; imshow(img);
Image Display
image - create and display image object imagesc - scale and display as image imshow - display image colorbar - display colorbar getimage - get image data from axes truesize - adjust display size of image zoom - zoom in and zoom out of 2D plot
Image Conversion
gray2ind - intensity image to index image im2bw - image to binary im2double - image to double precision im2uint8 - image to 8-bit unsigned integers im2uint16 - image to 16-bit unsigned integers ind2gray - indexed image to intensity image mat2gray - matrix to intensity image rgb2gray - RGB image to grayscale rgb2ind - RGB image to indexed image
Image Operations
RGB image to gray image Image resize Image crop Image rotate Image histogram Image histogram equalization Image DCT/IDCT Convolution
- CODE
Outline
Introduction to MATLAB
Basics & Examples
Image Processing with MATLAB
Basics & Examples
Examples working with Images (1/3)
Create AVI movie with a series of images & Read specific frame from video file
Related funcs: avifile, addframe, mmreader DEMO
Examples working with Images (2/3)
Simplified version of image blending: Each pixel in the apple-orange is: w(i, j) * Apple(i, j) + (1-w(i, j)) * Orange(i, j)
Examples working with Images (3/3)
Sobel edge detection on image
Examples working with Images (3/3)(cont.)
The use of imfilter function: A great assistant to avoid loop in Matlab image processing
Examples working with Images (3/3) (cont.)
y = imfilter(x,h) DEMO
Performance Issues
The idea: MATLAB is
very fast on vector and matrix operations Correspondingly slow with loops
Try to avoid loops Try to vectorize your code
http://www.mathworks.com/support/technotes/1100/1109.html
THE END
Thanks for your attention! Questions?
