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    The Bacterial Cell: Classification and Morphology: Arthur C. Benignos Ii M.D

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    unno hiquiana
    The document discusses the classification, morphology, and ultrastructure of bacterial cells. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as well as the various shapes, sizes, envelopes, structures, and appendages that bacterial cells can have.

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    The Bacterial Cell: Classification and Morphology: Arthur C. Benignos Ii M.D

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    unno hiquiana
    387 views51 pages
    The document discusses the classification, morphology, and ultrastructure of bacterial cells. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as well as the various shapes, sizes, envelopes, structures, and appendages that bacterial cells can have.

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    The Bacterial Cell

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    The document discusses the classification, morphology, and ultrastructure of bacterial cells. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as well as the various shapes, sizes, envelopes, structures, and appendages that bacterial cells can have.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    387 views51 pages

    The Bacterial Cell: Classification and Morphology: Arthur C. Benignos Ii M.D

    Uploaded by

    unno hiquiana
    The document discusses the classification, morphology, and ultrastructure of bacterial cells. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as well as the various shapes, sizes, envelopes, structures, and appendages that bacterial cells can have.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 51

    THE BACTERIAL CELL:

    Classification and
    Morphology

    ARTHUR C. BENIGNOS II M.D.


    Department of Microbiology and
    Parasitology
    Davao Medical School Foundation
    Differences between
    Prokaryote and Eukaryote
    Prokaryote Eukaryote
    DNA free in the DNA is contained with a
    cytoplasm membrane-bound
    nucleus
    Cell division by binary Cells divide by mitosis
    fission
    Energy metabolism Mitochondria present in
    associated with the most cases
    cytoplasmic
    membrane
    Differences between
    Prokaryote and Eukaryote
    Flagella consist of one Flagella have a complex
    protein structure with 9+2
    microtubular structure
    Ribosomes are of 80S
    Ribosomes are of 70S type type

    Polysaccharide cell walls,


    Peptidoglycan cell walls
    where present, are
    generally either
    cellulose or chitin
    Bacterial Forms
    Spheres or Cocci
    Singly, in pairs with both apposing sides
    flattened
    (diplococci), in chains (streptococci), groups of
    fours
    (tetrads), or in grape-like clusters
    (staphylococci)
    Rods or Bacilli
    Very short (coccobacilli), long filaments
    (incomplete separation), fusiform (tapered
    ends), club-shaped, comma-shaped (vibrioid)
    Spiral or Spirilli
    Bacterial Forms
    Bacterial Forms
    Pleomorphism
     Lack rigid cell wall
     No defined shape
     Variation of size and shape
     Assymetric growth of cell wall
    Aggregation properties
     Long chains, irregular clustering, etc
     Determined by orientation of cell division
    planes and tendency to adhere
    Bacterial Size
     Vary in size from 0.4 – 5 µm
     Hundred-fold larger than virus
     Ten-fold smaller than eukaryotic
    cell
     Spirillar forms can be many times
    longer than their cross-sectional
    diameter
    Bacterial Ultrastructure

     Cell envelope
     Cytoplasmic structures
     External appendages
    Cell Envelope

     Term applied to the material


    external to and enclosing the
    cytoplasm
     Most prominent layers:
     Cell wall
     Cell membrane
    Cell Wall
    Functions:
     Prevent from exploding in hypotonic
    solutions due to its high internal
    osmotic pressure
     Determines the shape of bacterial cell
    Cell Wall
     Also known as peptidoglycan layer
     Peptido portion: short string of
    amino acids cross-linking the
    carbohydrate units
     Glycan portion: linear polymer of
    alternating monosaccharide
    subunits of
     N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
     N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
    Cell Membrane

     Composed of phospholipids
    forming two parallel layers (lipid
    bilayer)
     Polar phosphate groups: facing
    outside
     Non-polar lipid chains: on the
    inside
     Does not differ from human cell
    Cell Membrane
     Selective permeability: easily allows
    lipid-soluble small molecules (O2,
    CO2)
     Specific protein contents:
     Porins – channels
     Permeases – carriers for specific
    substances
     Contains the ATP-producing
    mechanism
    Gram-positive Cell
    Envelope
     Thick multilayered peptidoglycan
    cell wall external to the bacterial
    cell membrane
     Teichoic acids
     Polymer of glycerol units
     Present in all Gram-positive organisms
     Major cell surface antigens
    Gram-negative Cell
    Envelope

    Outer membrane
     Contain lipopolysaccharides which is antigenic
    (O-polysaccharide portion) and toxic (lipid
    portion)
     Lipid A: endotoxin of Gram-negative
    organisms
    Periplasmic space
     Contains the thin peptidoglycan cell wall
     Also contain enzymes and other various
    substances
    External Capsule and
    Glycocalyx
    Capsule
     Usually polysaccharide but
    sometimes made of protein
     Tightly bound to the bacterial cell and
    has organized structure
    Glycocalyx
     Loosely bound to bacterial cell and
    amorphous
    External Capsule and
    Glycocalyx
    Functions
     Allow bacterial cells to adhere to
    surfaces
     Protection from antibodies and
    phagocytosis
     Diffusion barriers against some
    antibiotics
    Appendages
    Flagella
     Long semi-rigid, helical, hollow
    tubular structures composed of
    flagellin
     For motility
     Responds to chemotactic stimulus
     Attached to cell wall and cell
    membrane by a basal body that
    rotates the flagellum
     Highly antigenic (H-antigen)
    Appendages
    Pili or fimbriae
     Shorter and thinner than flagella
     Attachment organs for cell-to-cell
    contact
     Bacterium-mucosal cells (Neisseria
    gonorrhea)

    Bacterium-bacterium (Eschericia coli)
    through sex pili for donation of DNA
    molecules
    Cytoplasmic Structures

     Cytoplasm
     Nucleoid
     Ribosomes
     Inclusions
     Endospores
     Plasmids
     Mesosomes
    Cytoplasm

     Complex mixture of substances


    enclosed by the cell envelope
     Consists of amorphous aqueous
    fluid
     Where suspended or dissolved are
     Enzymes, ions, metabolites, storage
    granules
     Fibrous mass of densely packed DNA,
    RNA and proteins, also plasmids
    Nucleoid
     Fibrous mass of genetic material
     Double-stranded circular DNA
    composing the bacterial singular
    chromosome
     Associated RNA and proteins
     No discernible membrane
    enclosure
    Plasmids
     Small fraction of circular double-
    stranded DNA molecules that exists
    and replicates autonomously
     Carry genes for a variety of functions
    not essential for bacterial cell
    viability
     Enhance bacterial survival by
     conveying antibiotic resistance
     enhancing mating ability

    making possible toxin production
    Ribosomes
     Responsible for polymerization of
    amino acids into proteins (as in
    eukaryotes)
     Differ in composition and size from
    eukaryotic ribosomes
     70S (50S, 30S) as against 80S (60S, 40S) of
    eukaryotes
     53 proteins as against 80+ proteins among
    eukaryotes
    Cytoplasmic Inclusions
     Accumulations of food reserves
     Polysaccarides
     Lipids
     Polyphosphates
     Maybe membrane-bound or
    scattered in the cytoplasm
    Endospores
     Dormant form within vegetative cell
     Can be released as free spores
     Rich in calcium dipicolinate
     Most resistant life forms known
     Heat (survive boiling)
     Dessication
     Ultraviolet light
     Bacteriocidal chemical agents
     Destroyed by autoclaving
    Sporulation
     Formation of spore within vegetative
    cell
     Process
     Invagination of parent cell membrane
     Isolation of copy of bacterial DNA
     Formation of new cell wall
    (peptidoglycan)
     Formation of outer keratin-like external
    coat
     Formation of external lipoprotein layer
    Spore Germination
     Return of spore form to vegetative
    state
     Occurs in nutritionally-rich
    environment
     Process
     Destruction of cortex by lytic
    enzymes
     Uptake of water
     Release of dipicolinate from the cell
    Medical Significance of
    Sporulation
     Most notorious pathogens are
    spore-formers
     Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
     Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)
     Clostridium perfringens (Gas
    gangrene)
     Spores can remain viable for many
    years
    Mesosomes
     Complex invaginations of bacterial
    cell membrane
     Seem to be involved in
    chromosome separation
     May be evolutionarily related to
    nuclear envelope of eukaryotes
    Nucleoid
    GOOD MORNING.

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