Programming Logic and Design Sixth Edition

Chapter 6 Arrays

Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about: Arrays and how they occupy computer memory Manipulating an array to replace nested decisions Using constants with arrays Searching an array Using parallel arrays

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Objectives (continued)
Searching an array for a range match Remaining within array bounds Using a for loop to process arrays

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Understanding Arrays and How They Occupy Computer Memory

Array
Series or list of variables in computer memory All variables share the same name Each variable has a different subscript

Subscript (or index)

Position number of an item in an array Subscripts are always a sequence of integers

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How Arrays Occupy Computer Memory

Each item has same name and same data type Element: an item in the array Array elements are contiguous in memory Size of the array: number of elements it will hold

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How Arrays Occupy Computer Memory (continued)

Figure 6-1 Appearance of a three-element array in computer memory

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How Arrays Occupy Computer Memory (continued)

All elements have same group name
Individual elements have unique subscript Subscript indicates distance from first element Subscripts are a sequence of integers

Subscripts placed in parentheses or brackets following group name

Syntax depends on programming language

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Manipulating an Array to Replace Nested Decisions

Example: Human Resources Department Dependents report
List employees who have claimed zero through five dependents
Assume no employee has more than five dependents

Application produces counts for dependent categories

Uses series of decisions

Application does not scale up to more dependents

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Figure 6-3 Flowchart and pseudocode of decision-making process using a series of decisionsthe hard way
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Manipulating an Array to Replace Nested Decisions (continued)

Array reduces number of statements needed Six dependent count accumulators redefined as single array Variable as a subscript to the array Array subscript variable must be:
Numeric with no decimal places Initialized to 0 Incremented by 1 each time the logic passes through the loop
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Figure 6-4 Flowchart and pseudocode of decision-making processbut still the hard way
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Figure 6-5 Flowchart and pseudocode of decision-making process using an arraybut still a hard way
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Manipulating an Array to Replace Nested Decisions (continued)

Figure 6-6 Flowchart and pseudocode of efficient decision-making process using an array
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Figure 6-7 Flowchart and pseudocode for Dependents Report program

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Manipulating an Array to Replace Nested Decisions (continued)

Figure 6-7 Flowchart and pseudocode for Dependents Report program (continued)
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Using Constants with Arrays

Use constants in several ways
To hold the size of an array As the array values As a subscript

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Using a Constant as the Size of an Array

Avoid magic numbers (unnamed constants) Declare a named numeric constant to be used every time array is accessed Make sure any subscript remains less than the constant value Constant created automatically in many languages

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Using Constants as Array Element Values

Sometimes the values stored in arrays should be constants Example

string MONTH[12] = "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October, "November", "December"

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Using a Constant as an Array Subscript

Use a numeric constant as a subscript to an array Example
Declare a named constant as num INDIANA = 5 Display value with: output salesArray[INDIANA]

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Searching an Array
Sometimes must search through an array to find a value Example: mail-order business
Item numbers are three-digit, non-consecutive numbers Customer orders an item, check if item number is valid Create an array that holds valid item numbers Search array for exact match

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Figure 6-8 Flowchart and pseudocode for program that verifies item availability
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Figure 6-8 Flowchart and pseudocode for program that verifies item availability (continued)
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Figure 6-8 Flowchart and pseudocode for program that verifies item availability (continued)
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Searching an Array (continued)

Flag: variable that indicates whether an event occurred Technique for searching an array
Set a subscript variable to 0 to start at the first element Initialize a flag variable to false to indicate the desired value has not been found Examine each element in the array If the value matches, set the flag to True If the value does not match, increment the subscript and examine the next array element
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Using Parallel Arrays

Example: mail-order business
Two arrays, each with six elements
Valid item numbers Valid item prices

Each price in valid item price array in same position as corresponding item in valid item number array

Parallel arrays
Each element in one array associated with element in same relative position in other array

Look through valid item array for customer item

When match is found, get price from item price array
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Figure 6-9 Parallel arrays in memory

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Using Parallel Arrays

Use parallel arrays
Two or more arrays contain related data A subscript relates the arrays
Elements at the same position in each array are logically related

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Figure 6-10 Flowchart and pseudocode of program that finds an items price using parallel arrays
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Figure 6-10 Flowchart and pseudocode of program that finds an items price using parallel arrays (continued)
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Figure 6-10 Flowchart and pseudocode of program that finds an items price using parallel arrays (continued)
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Improving Search Efficiency

Program should stop searching the array when a match is found Setting a variable to a specific value instead of letting normal processing set it Improves efficiency The larger the array, the better the improvement by doing an early exit

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Figure 6-11 Flowchart and pseudocode of the module that finds item price, exiting the loop as soon as it is found
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Improving Search Efficiency (continued)

Figure 6-11 Flowchart and pseudocode of the module that finds item price, exiting the loop as soon as it is found (continued)
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Searching an Array for a Range Match

Sometimes programmers want to work with ranges of values in arrays Example: mail-order business
Read customer order data; determine discount based on quantity ordered

First approach
Array with as many elements as each possible order quantity Store appropriate discount for each possible order quantity
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Searching an Array for a Range Match (continued)

Figure 6-13 Usablebut inefficientdiscount array

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Searching an Array for a Range Match (continued)

Drawbacks of first approach
Requires very large array; uses a lot of memory Stores same value repeatedly How do you know you have enough elements?
Customer can always order more

Better approach
Create four discount array elements for each discount rate Parallel array with discount range

Use loop to make comparisons

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Searching an Array for a Range Match (continued)

Figure 6-14 Parallel arrays to use for determining discount

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Figure 6-15 Program that determines discount rate

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Remaining within Array Bounds

Every array has finite size
Number of elements in the array Number of bytes in the array

Arrays composed of elements of same data type Elements of same data type occupy same number of bytes in memory Number of bytes in an array is always a multiple of number of array elements Access data using subscript containing a value that accesses memory occupied by the array
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Figure 6-16 Determining the month string from users numeric entry
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Remaining within Array Bounds (continued)

Program logic assumes every number entered by the user is valid When invalid subscript is used:
Some languages stop execution and issue an error Other languages access a memory location outside of the array

Invalid array subscript is a logical error Out of bounds: using a subscript that is not within the acceptable range for the array Program should prevent bounds errors
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Using a for Loop to Process Arrays

for loop: single statement
Initializes loop control variable Compares it to a limit Alters it

for loop especially convenient when working with arrays

To process every element

Must stay within array bounds Highest usable subscript is one less than array size
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Using a for Loop to Process Arrays (continued)

Figure 6-17 Pseudocode that uses a for loop to display an array of department names

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Using a for Loop to Process Arrays (continued)

Figure 6-26 Pseudocode that uses a more efficient for loop to output month names

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Summary
Array: series or list of variables in memory
Same name and type Different subscript

Use a variable as a subscript to the array to replace multiple nested decisions Some array values determined during program execution
Other arrays have hard-coded values

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Summary (continued)
Search an array
Initialize the subscript Test each array element value in a loop Set a flag when a match is found

Parallel arrays: each element in one array is associated with the element in second array
Elements have same relative position

For range comparisons, store either the low- or high-end value of each range

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Summary (continued)
Access data in an array
Use subscript containing a value that accesses memory occupied by the array

Subscript is out of bounds if not within defined range of acceptable subscripts for loop is a convenient tool for working with arrays
Process each element of an array from beginning to end

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