OSI MODEL

Networking

Netprog: OSI Reference Model

Network
... communication system for connecting end-systems
End-systems a.k.a. hosts PCs, workstations dedicated computers network components

Netprog: OSI Reference Model

Multiaccess vs. Point-to-point

Multiaccess means shared medium. many end-systems share the same physical communication resources (wire, frequency, ...)

Point-to-point only 2 systems involved no doubt about where data came from !

Netprog: OSI Reference Model

Multiaccess

Point-to-point

Netprog: OSI Reference Model

LAN - Local Area Network

connects computers that are physically close together (

< 1 mile).
high speed multi-access

Technologies: Ethernet 10 Mbps, 100Mbps Token Ring 16 Mbps

Netprog: OSI Reference Model

WAN - Wide Area Network

connects computers that are physically far apart.

long-haul network.
typically slower than a LAN. typically less reliable than a LAN. point-to-point

Technologies: telephone lines Satellite communications

Netprog: OSI Reference Model

MAN - Metropolitan Area Network

Larger than a LAN and smaller than a WAN - example: campus-wide network - multi-access network Technologies: coaxial cable microwave

Netprog: OSI Reference Model

Internetwork

Connection of 2 or more distinct (possibly

dissimilar) networks. Requires some kind of network device to facilitate the connection.

Net A

Net B

Netprog: OSI Reference Model

THE NEED FOR STANDARDS

Over the past couple of decades many of the networks that were built

used different hardware and software implementations, as a result they were incompatible and it became difficult for networks using different specifications to communicate with each other.
To address the problem of networks being incompatible and unable to

communicate with each other, the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) researched various network schemes.
The ISO recognised there was a need to create a NETWORK MODEL

that would help vendors create interoperable network implementations.

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set of internationally recognized, nonproprietary standards for networking and for operating system involved in networking functions. An open system is a set of protocols that allow two different systems to communicate regardless of their underlying architecture. Open Systems Interconnection model is fundamental to all communications between network devices It is now the theoretical model for how communication takes place between network devices.

The OSI reference model is an arbitrary hierarchical stratification (layering) of computer networking functions. The stratification consists of seven layers.

There are various ways of implementing the protocols at any given layer. OSI is a CONCEPTUAL model. OSI Model allows complete interoperability between incompatible systems.

The communication is governed by an agreed upon series of rules and conventions called PROTOCOLS.

The OSI Reference Model

The OSI reference model consists of seven layers, not including layer 8, the end users application, and layer 0 the physical transmission media.

8. O/S or User Application 7. Application Layer 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer

1. Physical Layer 0. Physical Transmission Media

THE SEVEN OSI REFERENCE MODEL LAYERS

Layer 1: PHYSICAL
The physical layer deals with the physical characteristics of the transmission medium. It defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between end systems. Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, physical connectors, and other similar attributes are defined by physical layer specifications.

Converts bits into electronic signals for outgoing messages

Converts electronic signals into bits for incoming messages This layer manages the interface between the computer and the network medium (coax, twisted pair, etc.)

This layer tells the driver software for the MAU (media attachment unit, ex. network interface cards (NICs, modems, etc.)) what needs to be sent across the medium
The bottom layer of the OSI model

Layer 2 : DATA LAYER

Handles special data frames (packets) between the Network layer and the Physical layer At the receiving end, this layer packages raw data from the physical layer into data frames for delivery to the Network layer At the sending end this layer handles conversion of data into raw formats that can be handled by the Physical Layer The data link layer provides access to the networking media and it enables the data to locate its intended destination on a network.

It provides reliable transit of data across a physical link by using the Media Access Control (MAC) addresses.

This layer uses the MAC address to define a hardware or data link address in order for multiple stations to share the same medium and still uniquely identify each other.

Concerned with network topology, network access, error notification, ordered delivery of frames, and flow control.

Examples :- Ethernet, Frame Relay

Layer 3: NETWORK
Defines end-to-end delivery of packets. Defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can be identified. Defines how routing works and how routes are learned so that the packets can be delivered. The network layer also defines how to fragment a packet into smaller packets to accommodate different media.

Routers , IP address

Handles addressing messages for delivery, Responsible for deciding how to route transmissions between computers This layer also handles the decisions needed to get data from one point to

the next point along a network path i.e source to destination delivery.
This layer also handles packet switching and network congestion control

Layer 4: TRANSPORT
The transport layer regulates information flow to ensure process to- process delivery between host applications reliably and accurately.

The transport layer segments data from the sending host's system and reassembles the data into a data stream on the receiving host's system.
Layer 4 protocols include TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

Manages the flow of data between parties by segmenting long data streams into smaller data chunks (based on allowed packet size for a given transmission medium) Reassembles chunks into their original sequence at the receiving end Provides acknowledgements of successful transmissions and requests resends for packets which arrive with errors Provides virtual end-to-end links between peer processes. End-to-end flow control

Layer 5: SESSION
The session layer defines how to start, control and end conversations (called sessions) between applications. This includes the control and management of multiple bi-directional messages using dialogue control. It also synchronizes dialogue between two hosts' presentation layers and manages their

data exchange. Examples :- SQL, ASP(AppleTalk Session Protocol).

Enables two networked resources to hold ongoing communications (called to exchange data for the duration of the session responsible for initiating, maintaining and terminating sessions a session) across a network

Responsible for security and access control to session information (via session participant identification)
Responsible for synchronization services establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between applications.

Layer 6: PRESENTATION
The presentation layer ensures that the information that the application layer of one

system sends out is readable by the application layer of another system.

Concerned with Semantics and syntax of the information Provides encryption and compression of data. Examples :- JPEG, MPEG, ASCII, EBCDIC, HTML.

Manages data-format information for networked communications (the networks translator) For outgoing messages, it converts data into a generic format for network transmission; for incoming messages, it converts data from the generic network format to a format that the receiving application can understand. If necessary, the presentation layer translates between multiple data formats by using a common format.

This layer is also responsible for certain protocol conversions, data encryption/decryption, or data compression/decompression.

Layer 6: APPLICATION

The top layer of the OSI model

Provides a set of interfaces for sending and receiving applications to gain access to and use network services, such as: networked file transfer, message handling and database query processing The application layer is the OSI layer that is closest to the user. It provides network access to the user.

It differs from the other layers in that it does not provide services to any other OSI layer, but rather, only to applications outside the OSI model.

Examples of such applications are spreadsheet programs, word processing programs, and bank terminal programs.

Sending Computer
User Application

Receiving Computer
User Application

7 Application

7 Application

6 Presentation
5 Session
Transmission Media

6 Presentation
5 Session

4 Transport
3 Network

4 Transport
3 Network

2 Data Link
1 Physical

2 Data Link
1 Physical

Network Software
Protocol Hierarchies

Layers, protocols, and interfaces.

Services to Protocols Relationship

Examples
Physical -- 4 pairs, Fiber Optics, Coax, Network Interface Card (NIC) Datalink -- Token Ring, Ethernet Network -- IPX, IP Transport -- TCP, UDP Session -- FTP, Telnet Presentation SMB (server message block) Applications -- Email, Appletalk, NFS (network file system)

Reference Models

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

In simple terms is a language that enables communication between

computers A set of rules (protocol) that defines how two computers address each other and send data to each other Is a suite of protocols named after the two most important protocols TCP and IP but includes other protocols such as UDP, RTP, etc

TCP/IP Model

SMTP-Simple Mail Transfer Protocol FTP-File Transfer Protocol HTTP- Hyper text transfer protocol DNS Domain Name Server SNMP-Simple Network Management Protocol SCTP Stream Control Transfer Protocol UDP User Datagram Protocol ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol IGMP - Internet Group Management Protocol

TCP Addressing
Three different levels of addresses are used in an internet using the TCP/IP protocols: physical (link) address, logical (IP) address, and port address. The topics discussed in this section include:
Physical Address Logical Address Port Address

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

Connection - oriented Session is established before exchanging Data Reliable Delivery Sequence numbers Acknowledgements(ACKs) Byte-Stream Communications

Uses Port Numbers as Endpoints to Communicate

THANK YOU !!