Scribd
Upload
188 views28 pages

Magnification 2

Magnification increases the output signal of a measuring instrument to make it more readable. There are several methods of magnification including mechanical, electrical, optical, pneumatic, and combinations. Mechanical methods include rack and pinion, levers, cams, gears, and twisted strips. Comparators compare dimensions to a standard and indicate differences rather than actual measurements. Characteristics of good comparators include robustness, linear scales, high magnification, versatility, and temperature compensation. Types of comparators include mechanical, optical, mechanical-optical, electrical, and pneumatic.

Uploaded by

vinayakkrushna
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
188 views28 pages

Magnification 2

Magnification increases the output signal of a measuring instrument to make it more readable. There are several methods of magnification including mechanical, electrical, optical, pneumatic, and combinations. Mechanical methods include rack and pinion, levers, cams, gears, and twisted strips. Comparators compare dimensions to a standard and indicate differences rather than actual measurements. Characteristics of good comparators include robustness, linear scales, high magnification, versatility, and temperature compensation. Types of comparators include mechanical, optical, mechanical-optical, electrical, and pneumatic.

Uploaded by

vinayakkrushna
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

MAGNIFICATION

Magnification means increasing o/p signal of measuring instrument many times to make it more readable. Magnification in measuring instrument may be mechanical, electrical, electronic, optical, pneumatic principle or combination of these.

Methods of magnification
Mechanical method of magnification: i) Rack and pinion ii) Lever with toothed gears iii) Cam and gear train iv) Compound levers v) Twisted strip vi) Lever combined with band wound around drum

Fig. Rack and pinion

Fig. Cam and gear train


Fig. Compound levers

Fig. Twisted strip

Comparators
It is a precision instrument employed to compare the dimension of a given component with a working standard (generally slip gauges). It does not measure the actual dimension but indicates how much it differs from the basic dimension (working standard). NEED OPERATION

Uses of Comparator: For calibrating the working gauges Used as working gauges Used as final inspection gauges Essential characteristics of a good Comparator: Robust design and construction Linear characteristics of scale High magnification Quick in results Versatility Minimum wear of contact point Free from back lash Quick insertion of work piece Provision for compensation from temperature effects Provision for means to prevent damage during use.

Classification of comparators
Mechanical comparator Optical comparator Mechanical Optical comparator Electrical comparator Pneumatic comparator

Johansson Mikrokator comparator

d 9 .1 amplificat ion 2 d W n

where , l is the length of twisted strip, measured along its neutral axis. W is the width of twisted strip n is the number of turns is the twist of midpoint of strip with respect to end.

Reed type mechanical comparator

Sigma comparator

Total magnification = 1st stage magnification X 2nd stage magnification

= L/x * R/r
Where L = Effective length of arm x = Distance from the hinge pivot to the knife edge R = Length of pointer r = Drum radius

Advantages
Low cost Do not require external supply Linear scale Robust and compact, easy to handle Suitable for ordinary workshop conditions

Disadvantages
more moving parts, so more friction and less accuracy Deformation or slackness reduces accuracy Range is limited Parallax error

Optical comparator

(a) Reflection from plane surface

Advantages

High degree of magnification No contact with part hence no wear few moving parts, so less friction and high accuracy No parallax error
Requires external power supply Needs dark room Apparatus is bulky and expensive Due to lamp heat is generated so changes in setting

Disadvantages

Mechanical optical comparator

Mechanical magnification= (l2/l1) Plunger movement causes mirror to tilt by angle then image will by 2 Therefore optyical magnification = 2* (l4/l3) Thus overall magnification = 2*(l2/l1) * (l4/l3)

Pneumatic comparator

Pneumatic comparator

Pneumatic comparator

Advantages
High degree of magnification No contact with part hence no wear few moving parts, so less friction and high accuracy Less pressure of air jet helps to clean dust from part. Suitable for checking holes, best method to check ovality and tapers of circular holes Limited range of measurement Low response speed Requirement of auxiliary equipment like pressure regulator Scale is not uniform Apparatus is not portable

Disadvantages

Electrical magnification

Advantages

High degree of magnification few moving parts, so less friction and high accuracy Not sensitive to vibration Easy to set up and operate Instrument is small and compact No need to place indicating device near to measuring unit
Requires external power Heating of coil Fluctuation in voltage or frequency of electric supply affect results Cost is more than mechanical instruments

Disadvantages

Electronic comparator

You might also like