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From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Tami Port, MS Creator of Science Prof Online Chief Executive Nerd Science Prof Online Online Education Resources, LLC [email protected]
Image: Compound microscope objectives, T. Port

Microbial Metabolism

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: MacConkeys media with Salmonella growing on left plate and E. coli on right; API20E test strip, T. Port

Metabolism
The Transformation of Energy
Cells either get their energy either by ________________ or _________ ________. But a cell cant just use sunlight or nutrients to run cellular reactions. Q: What type of fuel is

needed to run a cell?

So food, needs to be turned into ATP, because thats what actually runs your body.

Cells Cant Eat Hamburgers

Image: Hamburger, Wiki

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

ATP ATP Energy storing nucleotide.

The mother of all rechargeable batteries.

Image: ATP-ADP Cycle, CUNY

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Basic Metabolic Reactions

Anabolic Reaction
(anabolism)

The phase of metabolism in which simple substances are _________ into the complex materials of living tissue.

Catabolic Reaction
(catabolism)

The metabolic ______ _____ of complex molecules into simpler ones, often resulting in a release of energy.

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Carbohydrate Catabolism
Organisms catabolize carbohydrates as the primary energy source for anabolic reactions. Q: What sugar is most commonly broken down in cellular

respiration?

Aerobic cellular respiration Results in complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide, water and a lot of ATP ATP

Anaerobic respiration & Fermentation Only partially breaks down glucose, into pyruvic acid and organic waste products and a little .
ATP ATP

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Aerobic cellular respiration

The steps that a cell must go through to turn other forms of energy into ATP. The 4 subpathways of cellular respiration are
1. glycolysis 2. synthesis of acetyl-CoA 3. Krebs cycle 4. electron transport chain

which result in complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide, water and

ATP ATP

Q: What is required for respiration to be aerobic?

Images: Cellular Respiration, Regis Frey From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Subpathway Molecule In Molecule Out Energy Obtained

1. glycolysis
2. synth acetyl-CoA 3. Krebs cycle 4. ETC

Lets put the energy extracted from glucose into our energy piggy bank.

Aerobic cellular respiration

1. __________
Occurs in the cytoplasm of most cells. Involves splitting of a six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon ________ molecules. Results in: - a net gain of 2
- 2 NADH
ATP ATP

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Image: Glucose molecule, YassineMrabet

Glycolysis

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Image: Glycolusis, YassineMrabet

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Image: Glycolysis, Regis Frey

Q: What is NADH?
Cells use special molecules to carry electrons (often in H
atoms).

This is potential energy, another way to transport energy. Two important __________ __________

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) add electrons & hydrogen NADH Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) add electrons and hydrogen FADH2

Think of these energy carriers as rechargeable batteries.

(When they have the electrons and hydrogens they are charged up, when they dont, they need charging.)

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Electron Carriers & Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Or Redox reaction = chemical reactions in which electrons are gained, lost or shared in a chemical reaction.
________ describes the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion. _________ describes the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion.

Q: When NAD+ and FADH are turned into NADH and FADH2, are they being oxidized or reduced?
Image: Oil Rig Platform, NASA From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

2. ______ ____ ____________

The two molecules of pyruvate

(pyruvic acid above)

result in:

Two molecules of ______ ____ Two molecules of _____ (This is what generates carbon dioxide that you breathe out.) Two molecules of ______ (electron carrier)

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

3. ______ ______
Great amount of energy remains in bonds of acetyl-CoA.

(a.k.a Citric Acid Cycle)

The Krebs cycle transfers much of this energy to electron carriers NAD+ & FAD.
Occurs in cytoplasm of prokaryotes and in matrix of mitochondria in eukaryotes. The two molecules of Acetyl Co-A result in:
Two molecules of

Two molecules of ________

(electron carrier) (electron carrier)

Six molecules of ________ Four molecules of _______

(This is what generates carbon dioxide that you breathe out.)
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Images: Krebs Cycle of Cellular Respiration, Regis Frey

4. ________ _______
Most of the ATP made in cellular respiration comes from the stepwise release of energy through a series of redox reactions between molecules known as the electron transport chain (ETC).

Must occur in a membrane. The ETC is located in cristae of __________ in eukaryotes.

Q: Where would the ETC of prokaryotes be located?

Three main events important in the ETCs generation of ATP: 1. ______________________ 2. ______________________ 3. ______________________

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Mitochondrion diagram M. Rui; ATP-ADP Cycle, CUNY z

Electron Transport
1. ________________ The electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) bring electrons and protons (H+) to the ETC. Carrier molecules in the membrane of the mitochondria pass electrons from one to another and ultimately to final electron acceptor.

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Mitochondrion diagram M. Ruiz

Electron Transport
2. _____________________

Energy from each electron being passed down the chain is used to pump protons (H+) from one side of the membrane to the other. Proton gradient = type of ____________ (difference in available for work in cell.

ion concentration on either side of a membrane) potential energy

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Mitochondrion diagram M. Ruiz Electron transport chain, Tim Vickers

Electron Transport
3. ________________

H+ ions flow down proton gradient through the enzyme ATP synthase that phosphorylates ADP to make ATP.

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Mitochondrion diagram M. Ruiz Electron transport chain, Tim Vickers

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Cellular Respiration, Regis Frey

Aerobic cellular respiration

Utilizes glycolysis, synthesis of acetyl-CoA, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain; results in complete breakdown of _________ to carbon dioxide, water & ATP The ultimate objective is to make cellular work. molecules to do

ATP

Each NADH results in 3 ATP, Each FADH2 results in 2 ATP.

A total of 38 molecules of ATP are formed from one molecule of glucose.

Lets figure out how we got 38 ATP by the end of aerobic respiration.
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Using oxygen (1/2 O2) in metabolism creates toxic waste.

Microbes that are able to use aerobic respiration produce enzymes to detoxify oxygen:
Catalase: H2O2 ------- H20 and 02 Superoxide dismutase (SOD): oxygen radical ----- H20 and O2

Microbes that dont make these enzymes cannot exist in the presence of oxygen.
Q: How do cells get energy if there is no O2 available to them, or if they cant use O2?
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

______ ______ ________

Cells that dont have access to oxygen, or that are obligate anaerobes can make ATP by using something other than oxygen as an electron acceptor (nitrate, sulfate
& carbon dioxide).

In anaerobic respiration, not all the ETC is used, so less ATP is produced.
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image:Electron transport chain, Tim Vickers

______________
When there is no final __________ __________ for the ETC, the electron transport cant happen. Fermentation is an alternative system that allows glycolysis to continue without the other steps of respiration. Not as energetically efficient as respiration. Produces only 2 ATP. ATP ATP

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Fermentation

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Metabolism & Identification of Microbes

Some of the specialized media that we have worked with in lab is both selective and differential.
The differential properties give us information about bacteria based on its metabolism.

Qs: What is the medium in top picture?

Is selective Why?

What does it grow?

Is differential Why? What does the differential property reveal about the bacteria growing there?

Qs: What is the medium in bottom picture?

Is selective Why? Is differential Why?

What does it grow?

What does the differential property reveal about the bacteria growing there
?

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: MacConkeys Agar (MAC) & Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), T. Port

Metabolism & Identification of Microbes

API-20E
The API-20E test is used to ID Gramnegative enteric bacilli-shaped bacteria from the family. System of 20 individual, miniaturized tests used to determine the ____________ ____________ of the organism. Some microbes can metabolize certain molecules while others cant. When molecules are metabolized, specific waste products are created. From identification of metabolic capabilities, we can zero in on identification of genus and species.
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: API-20E with results sheet, T. Port; API-20E results for different species of bacteria, Dr. Charles Gerba, University of Arizona

Confused?
Here are links to fun resources that further explain cellular respiration:

Microbial Metabolism Main Page on the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom of Science Prof Online. Cellular Respiration animation by Jay Phelan, What is Life? A Guide to Biology, W. H. Freeman & Co. Anaerobic Respiration Page by Timothy Paustain, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Alcohol and Lactate Fermentation by Central Michigan University. The Body Machine music video by School House Rock. How NAD+ Works animation and quiz from McGraw-Hill. Glycolysis animation and quiz from McGraw-Hill. Krebs Cycle Animation & Quiz 1 from McGraw-Hill. Krebs Cycle Animation & Quiz 2 from McGraw-Hill. Electron Transport Chain animation from Molecular & Cellular Biology Learning Center. Electron Transport Chain click through animation by Graham Kent Bio231 Cell Biology Laboratory. Electron Transport System & Formation of ATP (Quiz 1) by McGraw-Hill Electron Transport System & ATP Synthesis (Quiz 2) by McGraw-Hill Food Molecules video from HowStuffWorks, a Discovery company. The Energy song by Audiovent.
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

(You must be in PPT slideshow view to click on links.)

Homework Assignment
At the end of some lectures, I will give you some type of homework to evaluate your understanding of that days material. This homework will always be openbook. Today you will be given an activity on the topic of Microbial Metabolism & Selective Media. If assigned, this homework is due at the at the start of class, next time we meet for lecture.
Images: Osmosis animation

See the ScienceProfOnline Virtual Microbiology Classroom Microbial Metabolism lecture for a printable Word .doc of this assignment.

From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Are microbes intimidating you?

Do yourself a favor. Use the

Virtual Microbiology Classroom (VMC) !

The VMC is full of resources to help you succeed, including:
practice test questions review questions study guides and learning objectives

You can access the VMC by going to the Science Prof Online website www.ScienceProfOnline.com
Images:, Staphylococcus, Giant Microbes; Prokaryotic cell, Mariana Ruiz