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Held at E-Force Institute Chandigarh: Hello Electronics Pvt. Limited

The document discusses embedded systems and AVR microcontrollers. It begins by defining an embedded system as a hardware and software combination where specific application software is loaded into read-only memory to control the hardware. It then classifies embedded systems as either microprocessor-based or microcontroller-based. The bulk of the document focuses on AVR microcontrollers, describing their RISC architecture, instruction set, memory organization, registers, interrupts, I/O ports, power management modes, and advantages over 8051 microcontrollers.

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Shubham Kaushik
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112 views20 pages

Held at E-Force Institute Chandigarh: Hello Electronics Pvt. Limited

The document discusses embedded systems and AVR microcontrollers. It begins by defining an embedded system as a hardware and software combination where specific application software is loaded into read-only memory to control the hardware. It then classifies embedded systems as either microprocessor-based or microcontroller-based. The bulk of the document focuses on AVR microcontrollers, describing their RISC architecture, instruction set, memory organization, registers, interrupts, I/O ports, power management modes, and advantages over 8051 microcontrollers.

Uploaded by

Shubham Kaushik
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HELD AT E-FORCE INSTITUTE

(HELLO ELECTRONICS PVT. LIMITED)

CHANDIGARH

What is Embedded system ?

Hardware +Software In Embedded system only one specific application software is loaded into ROM that controls the whole hardware system. e.g.- Mouse,Telephone,TV,VCR,Toys,FAX,Copier, Mobile etc.

Classification of Embedded Systems

1) Microprocessor Based 2) Micro controller Based

AVR Micro controller

The Atmel AVR is a family of RISC micro controllers from ATMEL. The AVR architecture was conceived by two students at the Norwegian Institute of Technology and further refined and developed at Atmel Norway. The AVR is a Harvard Architecture CPU.

What does AVR RISC mean?

The acronym AVR has been reported to stand for: Advanced Virtual RISC and also for the chip's designers: Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan who designed the basic architecture at the Norwegian Institute of Technology.

RISC stands for reduced instruction set computer. CPU design with a reduced instruction set as well as a simpler set of instructions.

Harvard Architecture

AVR Micro controller

Low Power RISC Architecture 32x8 General Purpose Working Registers 118 Instructions Most Single Cycle Flash Program Memory 2K 128K Internal SRAM In-system programmable EEPROM Internal calibrated RC Oscillator Power on Reset, Watch Dog Timer Supports many power saving modes Operating Voltage 2.7 5.5 V Speed Grade --- 0 16 MHz Bit Addressable I/O ports.

Instruction Pipelining Instructions in the program memory are executed with a single level pipelining. While one instruction is being executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory. This concept enables instructions to be executed in every clock cycle.

Memory Address Space

The five different addressing modes for the data memory cover:1. Direct 2 . Indirect with Displacement 3 . Indirect 4 . Indirect with Pre-decrement

5 . Indirect with Post-increment.

AVR Registers

Memory Address Space

The direct addressing reaches the entire data space. The Indirect with Displacement mode reaches to Y- or Z-register. When using register indirect addressing modes with pre-decrement and post-increment, the address registers X, Y, and Z are decremented or incremented.

AVR Interrupts

The AVR provides several different interrupt sources. Each interrupt have a separate program vector in the program memory space. All interrupts are assigned individual enable bits. Enable bit is stored in the Status Register in order to enable the interrupt.

I/O ports

Three I/O memory address locations are allocated for each port: Data Register PORT x, Data Direction Register DDR x, and the Port Input Pins PIN x. (x=port name) The Port Input Pins I/O location is read only, while the Data Register and the Data Direction Register are read/write.

Power Management and Sleep Modes

Six sleep modes:


1. Idle, 2. ADC Noise Reduction,

3. Power-down,
4. Power-save, 5. Standby,

6. Extended Standby.

Why we Prefer AVR over 8051??

Speed is Up to 16 MIPS EEPROM Memory ISP: In System Programming Very Powerful(high sampling rate) Internal RC oscillator

8051 microcontroller

AVR microcontroller

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