Module 1 Object-Oriented Software Engineering

Section 1: Software and Software Engineering

Questions to ponder
How does software differ from other products? How does software change over time? What do we mean when we talk about high-quality software? How are software projects organized? How can we define software engineering? Why will following a disciplined approach to software engineering help us produce successful software systems? What activities occur in every software project? What should we keep in mind as we perform any software engineering activity?

1.1 The Nature of Software...

Software is intangible Hard to understand development effort Software is easy to reproduce Cost is in its development in other engineering products, manufacturing is the costly stage The industry is labor-intensive Hard to automate

The Nature of Software ...

Untrained people can hack something together Quality problems are hard to notice Software is easy to modify People make changes without fully understanding it Software does not wear out It deteriorates by having its design changed: erroneously, or in ways that were not anticipated, thus making it complex

The Nature of Software

Conclusions Much software has poor design and is getting worse Demand for software is high and rising We are in a perpetual software crisis We have to learn to engineer software

Types of Software...
Custom For a specific customer Generic Sold on open market Often called COTS (Commercial Off The Shelf) Shrink-wrapped Embedded Built into hardware Hard to change
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Types of Software
Differences among custom, generic and embedded software
Number of copies in use Total processing power devoted to running this type of software Worldwide annual development effort Custom low low Generic medium high Embedded high medium

high

medium

low

Types of Software
Real time software E.g. control and monitoring systems Must react immediately Safety often a concern Data processing software Used to run businesses Accuracy and security of data are key Some software has both aspects

1.2 What is Software Engineering?...

The process of solving customers problems by the systematic development and evolution of large, highquality software systems within cost, time and other constraints Solving customers problems This is the goal of software engineering Sometimes the solution is to buy, not build Adding unnecessary features does not help solve the problem Software engineers must communicate effectively to identify and understand the problem
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What is Software Engineering?

Systematic development and evolution An engineering process involves applying well understood techniques in a organized and disciplined way Many well-accepted practices have been formally standardized e.g. by the IEEE or ISO Most development work is evolution Large, high quality software systems Software engineering techniques are needed because large systems cannot be completely understood by one person Teamwork and co-ordination are required Key challenge: Dividing up the work and ensuring that the parts of the system work properly together The end-product that is produced must be of sufficient quality
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What is Software Engineering?

Cost, time and other constraints Finite resources The benefit must outweigh the cost Others are competing to do the job cheaper and faster Inaccurate estimates of cost and time have caused many project failures

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1.3 Software Engineering and the Engineering Profession

The term Software Engineering was coined in 1968 People began to realize that the principles of engineering should be applied to software development Engineering is a licensed profession In order to protect the public Engineers design artifacts following well accepted practices which involve the application of science, mathematics and economics Ethical practice is also a key tenet of the profession

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1.4 Stakeholders in Software Engineering

1. Users Those who use the software 2. Customers Those who pay for the software 3. Software developers 4. Development Managers All four roles can be fulfilled by the same person

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Exercise 1
How do you think each of the four types of stakeholders would react in each of the following situations? You study a proposal for a new system that will completely automate the work of one individual in the customers company. You discover that the cost of developing the system would be far more than the cost of continuing to do the work manually, so you recommend against proceeding with the project. You implement a system according to the precise specifications of a customer. However, when the software is put to use, the users find it does not solve their problem.
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1.5 Software Quality...

Usability Users can learn it and fast and get their job done easily Efficiency It doesnt waste resources such as CPU time and memory Reliability It does what it is required to do without failing Maintainability It can be easily changed Reusability Its parts can be used in other projects, so reprogramming is not needed
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Software Quality...
Customer: solves problems at an acceptable cost in terms of money paid and resources used QUALITY SOFTWARE Developer: easy to design; easy to maintain; easy to reuse its parts Development manager: sells more and pleases customers while costing less to develop and maintain User: easy to learn; efficient to use; helps get work done

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Software Quality
The different qualities can conflict Increasing efficiency can reduce maintainability or reusability Increasing usability can reduce efficiency Setting objectives for quality is a key engineering activity You then design to meet the objectives Avoids over-engineering which wastes money Optimizing is also sometimes necessary E.g. obtain the highest possible reliability using a fixed budget
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Exercise 2
For each of the following system, which quality attributes do you think would be the most important and the least important? 1. A web-based banking systems, enabling the user to do all aspects of banking on-line. 2. An air traffic control system. 3. A program that will enable users to view digital images or movies stored in all known formats. 4. A system to manage the work schedule of nurses that respects all the constraints and regulations in force at a particular hospital. 5. An application that allows you to purchase any item seen while watching TV
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Internal Quality Criteria

These: Characterize aspects of the design of the software Have an effect on the external quality attributes E.g. The amount of commenting of the code The complexity of the code

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Short Term Vs. Long Term Quality

Short term: Does the software meet the customers immediate needs? Is it sufficiently efficient for the volume of data we have today? Long term: Maintainability Customers future needs

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1.6 Software Engineering Projects

Most projects are evolutionary or maintenance projects, involving work on legacy systems Corrective projects: fixing defects Adaptive projects: changing the system in response to changes in Operating system Database Rules and regulations Enhancement projects: adding new features for users Reengineering or perfective projects: changing the system internally so it is more maintainable
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Software Engineering Projects

Green field projects New development The minority of projects

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Software Engineering Projects

Projects that involve building on a framework or a set of existing components. The framework is an application that is missing some important details. E.g. Specific rules of this organization. Such projects: Involve plugging together components that are:
- Already developed. - Provide significant functionality.

Benefit from reusing reliable software. Provide much of the same freedom to innovate found in green field development.
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1.7 Activities Common to Software Projects...

Requirements and specification Includes Domain analysis Defining the problem Requirements gathering
- Obtaining input from as many sources as possible

Requirements analysis
- Organizing the information

Requirements specification
- Writing detailed instructions about how the software should behave

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Activities Common to Software Projects...

Design Deciding how the requirements should be implemented, using the available technology Includes: Systems engineering: Deciding what should be in hardware and what in software Software architecture: Dividing the system into subsystems and deciding how the subsystems will interact Detailed design of the internals of a subsystem User interface design Design of databases
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Activities Common to Software Projects

Modeling Creating representations of the domain or the software Use case modeling Structural modeling Dynamic and behavioural modeling Programming Quality assurance Reviews and inspections Testing Can be classified into Validation & Verification Deployment Managing the process
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1.8 The Four Themes

1. Understanding the customer and the user 2. Basing development on solid principles and reusable technology 3. Object orientation 4. Visual modeling using UML

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1.9 Difficulties and Risks in Software Engineering

Complexity and large numbers of details Uncertainty about technology Uncertainty about requirements Uncertainty about software engineering skills Constant change Deterioration of software design Political risks Please find solutions to each of the above risks.

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Section 2: Introduction of Object Orientation

What is Object Orientation?

Procedural paradigm: Software is organized around the notion of procedures Procedural abstraction Works as long as the data is simple Adding data abstractions Groups together the pieces of data that describe some entity Helps reduce the systems complexity.
- Such as Records and structures

Object oriented paradigm: Organizing procedural abstractions in the context of data abstractions
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Object Oriented paradigm

An approach to the solution of problems in which all computations are performed in the context of objects. The objects are instances of classes, which: are data abstractions contain procedural abstractions that operation on the objects A running program can be seen as a collection of objects collaborating to perform a given task

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A View of the Two paradigms

main perform transaction

Account
credit debit

credit

debit

compute interest if checking then xxx if savings then xxx etc.

compute fees if checking then xxx if savings then xxx etc. CheckingAccount
compute interest compute fees

SavingsAccount
compute interest compute fees

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Classes and Objects

Object A chunk of structured data in a running software system Has properties Represent its state Has behaviour How it acts and reacts May simulate the behaviour of an object in the real world

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Objects
Jane:
date of birth: 1955/02/02 address: 99 UML St. position: Manager

Savings Account 12876:

balance: 1976.32 opened: 1997/03/03

Greg:
date of birth: 1970/01/01 address: 75 Object Dr.

Margaret: Mortgage Account 29865:

balance: 198760.00 opened: 2000/08/12 property: 75 Object Dr. date of birth: 1980/03/03 address: 150 C++ Rd. position: Teller

Transaction 487:
amount: 200.00 time: 2001/09/01 14:30

Instant Teller 876:

location: Java Valley Cafe

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Classes
A class: Is a unit of abstraction in an object oriented (OO) program Represents similar objects Its instances Is a kind of software module Describes its instances structure (properties) Contains methods to implement their behaviour

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Is Something a Class or an Instance?

Something should be a class if it could have instances Something should be an instance if it is clearly a single member of the set defined by a class Film Class; instances are individual films. Reel of Film: Class; instances are physical reels Film reel with serial number SW19876 Instance of ReelOfFilm Science Fiction Subclass/Instance of the class Genre. Science Fiction Film Class; instances include Star Wars Showing of Star Wars in the Phoenix Cinema at 7 p.m .: Instance of ShowingOfFilm
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Naming classes
Use capital letters E.g. BankAccount not bankAccount Use singular nouns Use the right level of generality E.g. Municipality, not City Make sure the name has only one meaning E.g. bus has several meanings

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Instance Variables
Variables defined inside a class corresponding to data present in each instance Attributes Simple data E.g. name, dateOfBirth Associations Relationships to other important classes E.g. supervisor, coursesTaken

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Variables vs. Objects

A variable Refers to an object May refer to different objects at different points in time An object can be referred to by several different variables at the same time Type of a variable Determines what classes of objects it may contain

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Class variables
A class variables value is shared by all instances of a class. Also called a static variable If one instance sets the value of a class variable, then all the other instances see the same changed value. What is the example usage of class variables? Class variables are useful for: Default or constant values (e.g. PI) Lookup tables and similar structures Caution: do not over-use class variables
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Methods, Operations and Polymorphism

Operation A higher-level procedural abstraction that specifies a type of behaviour Independent of any code which implements that behaviour E.g., calculating area (in general)

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Methods, Operations and Polymorphism

Method A procedural abstraction used to implement the behaviour of a class. Several different classes can have methods with the same name They implement the same abstract operation in ways suitable to each class E.g, calculating area in a rectangle is done differently from in a circle

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Polymorphism
A property of object oriented software by which an abstract operation may be performed in different ways in different classes. Requires that there be multiple methods of the same name The choice of which one to execute depends on the object that is in a variable Reduces the need for programmers to code many ifelse or switch statements Example: calculateInterests

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Organizing Classes into Inheritance Hierarchies

Superclasses Contain features common to a set of subclasses Inheritance hierarchies Show the relationships among superclasses and subclasses A triangle shows a generalization Inheritance The implicit possession by all subclasses of features defined in its superclasses

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An Example Inheritance Hierarchy

Account

SavingsAccount

ChequingAccount

MortgageAccount

Inheritance The implicit possession by all subclasses of features defined in its superclasses
Features include variables and methods
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Make Sure all Inherited Features Make Sense in Subclasses

Account
balance opened creditOrOverdraftLimit credit debit calculateInterest

OverdrawnAccount

SavingsAccount

ChequingAccount
highestChequeNumber withdrawUsingCheque calculateServiceCharge

MortgageAccount
collateralProperty collateralValue setCollateralValue
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The Isa Rule

Always check generalizations to ensure they obey the isa rule A checking account is an account A village is a municipality Should Province be a subclass of Country? No, it violates the isa rule A province is a country is invalid!

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Generalization: Points to Check

Ambiguous names for superclasses or subclasses Example: Bus A subclass must retain its distinctiveness throughout its life Example: OverdrawnAccount All the inherited features must make sense in each subclass Example: credit(), debit()

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A possible inheritance hierarchy of mathematical objects

Circle, Point, Rectangle, Matrix, Ellipse, Line, Plane
MathematicalObject

Shape

Point

Matrix

Shape2D

Shape3D

Ellipse

Polygon

Line

Plane

Circle

Quadrilateral

Rectangle
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Shape2D

Inheritance, Polymorphism and Variables

center translate getCenter rotate changeScale getArea getPerimeterLength getBoundingRect

EllipticalShape
semiMajorAxis

Polygon
getBoundingRect getVertices

Circle
rotate changeScale getArea getPerimeterLength getBoundingRect getRadius

Ellipse
semiMinorAxis orientation rotate changeScale getArea getPerimeterLength getBoundingRect getOrientation getSemiMajorAxis getSemiMinorAxis getFocus1 getFocus2

SimplePolygon
orientation rotate getOrientation

ArbitraryPolygon
points addPoint removePoint rotate changeScale getArea getPerimeterLength getVertices

Rectangle
height width changeScale setHeight setWidth getArea getPerimeterLength getVertices getBoundingRect

RegularPolygon
numPoints radius changeNumPoints changeScale getArea getPerimeterLength getVertices

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Some Operations in the Shape Example

Original objects (showing bounding rectangle)

Rotated objects (showing bounding rectangle)

Translated objects (showing original)

Scaled objects (50%) Scaled objects (150%)

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Abstract Classes and Methods

An operation should be declared to exist at the highest class in the hierarchy where it makes sense The operation may be abstract (lacking implementation) at that level If so, the class also must be abstract No instances can be created The opposite of an abstract class is a concrete class If a superclass has an abstract operation then its subclasses at some level must have a concrete method for the operation. Can Leaf classes be abstract? Leaf classes must have or inherit concrete methods for all operations Leaf classes must be concrete Can non-leaf classes be concrete?
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Overriding
A method would be inherited, but a subclass contains a new version instead For restriction E.g. scale(x,y) would not work in Circle For extension E.g. SavingsAccount might charge an extra fee following every debit For optimization E.g. The getPerimeterLength method in Circle is much simpler than the one in Ellipse

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Immutable objects
Why? Useful because they are inherently thread-safe Simpler to understand and reason about Offer higher security than mutable objects However, performance of copying could be an issue Instance variables may only be set when an object is first created. None of the operations allow any changes to the instance variables E.g. a scale method could only create a new object, not modify an existing one
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Immutable objects: Example

Java String class
String s = "ABC"; s.toLowerCase(); // doesnt change String s To make the String s contain the data "abc, s = s.toLowerCase();

By default, fields and local variables are mutable. They can be made immutable using the final keyword.
int i = 42; i = 43; // OK final int j = 42; j = 43; // does not compile

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How a decision is made about which method to run

1. 2. 3. If there is a concrete method for the operation in the current class, run that method. Otherwise, check in the immediate superclass to see if there is a method there; if so, run it. Repeat step 2, looking in successively higher superclasses until a concrete method is found and run. If no method is found, then there is an error In Java and C++ the program would not have compiled

4.

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Dynamic binding
Occurs when decision about which method to run can only be made at run time Needed when: A variable is declared to have a superclass as its type, and There is more than one possible polymorphic method that could be run among the type of the variable and its subclasses

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Concepts that Define Object Orientation

Necessary for a system or language to be OO Identity Each object is distinct from each other object, and can be referred to Two objects are distinct even if they have the same data Classes The code is organized using classes, each of which describes a set of objects Inheritance The mechanism where features in a hierarchy inherit from superclasses to subclasses Polymorphism The mechanism by which several methods can have the same name and implement the same abstract operation.

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Other Key Concepts

Abstraction Object -> something in the world Class -> objects Superclass -> subclasses Operation -> methods Attributes and associations -> instance variables Modularity Code can be constructed entirely of classes Encapsulation Details can be hidden in classes This gives rise to information hiding: Programmers do not need to know all the details of a class

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The Basics of Java

History The first object oriented programming language was Simula-67 designed to allow programmers to write simulation programs In the early 1980s, Smalltalk was developed at Xerox PARC New syntax, large open-source library of reusable code, bytecode, platform independence, garbage collection. late 1980s, C++ was developed by B. Stroustrup, Recognized the advantages of OO but also recognized that there were tremendous numbers of C programmers In 1991, engineers at Sun Microsystems started a project to design a language that could be used in consumer smart devices: Oak When the Internet gained popularity, Sun saw an opportunity to exploit the technology. The new language, renamed Java, was formally presented in 1995 at the SunWorld 95 conference.

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Java documentation
Looking up classes and methods is an essential skill Looking up unknown classes and methods will get you a long way towards understanding code Java documentation can be automatically generated by a program called Javadoc Documentation is generated from the code and its comments You should format your comments These may include embedded html

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Overview of Java
The next few slides will remind you of several key Java features java.sun.com

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Characters and Strings

Character is a class representing Unicode characters More than a byte each Represent any world language char is a primitive data type containing a Unicode character String is a class containing collections of characters + is the operator used to concatenate strings

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Arrays and Collections

Arrays are of fixed size and lack methods to manipulate them Vector is the most widely used class to hold a collection of other objects More powerful than arrays, but less efficient Iterators are used to access members of Vectors Enumerations were formally used, but were more complex
v = new Vector(); Iterator i = v.iterator(); while(i.hasNext()) { aMethod(v.next()); }
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Casting
Java is very strict about types If a variable is declared to have the type X, you can only invoke operations on it that are defined in class X or its superclasses Even though an instance of a subclass of X may be actually stored in the variable If you know an instance of a subclass is stored, then you can cast the variable to the subclass E.g. if I know a Vector contains instances of String, I can get the next element of its Iterator using: (String)iterator.next();
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Exceptions
Anything that can go wrong should result in the raising of an Exception Exception is a class with many subclasses for specific things that can go wrong Use a try - catch block to trap an exception
try { // some code } catch (ArithmeticException e) { // code to handle division by zero }
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Interfaces
Like abstract classes, but cannot have executable statements Define a set of operations that make sense in several classes Abstract Data Types A class can implement any number of interfaces It must have concrete methods for the operations You can declare the type of a variable to be an interface This is just like declaring the type to be an abstract class Important interfaces in Javas library include Runnable, Collection, Iterator, Comparable, Cloneable
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Packages and importing

A package combines related classes into subsystems All the classes in a particular directory Classes in different packages can have the same name Although not recommended Importing a package is done as follows: import finance.banking.accounts.*;

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Access control
Applies to methods and variables public Any class can access protected Only code in the package, or subclasses can access (blank) Only code in the package can access private Only code written in the class can access Inheritance still occurs!
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Threads and concurrency

Thread: Sequence of executing statements that can be running concurrently with other threads To create a thread in Java: 1. Create a class implementing Runnable or extending Thread 2. Implement the run method as a loop that does something for a period of time 3. Create an instance of this class 4. Invoke the start operation, which calls run

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Programming Style Guidelines

Remember that programs are for people to read Always choose the simpler alternative Reject clever code that is hard to understand Shorter code is not necessarily better Choose good names Make them highly descriptive Do not worry about using long names

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Programming style
Comment extensively Comment whatever is non-obvious Do not comment the obvious Comments should be 25-50% of the code Organize class elements consistently Variables, constructors, public methods then private methods Be consistent regarding layout of code

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Programming style
Avoid duplication of code Do not clone if possible Create a new method and call it Cloning results in two copies that may both have bugs - When one copy of the bug is fixed, the other may be forgotten

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Programming style ...

Adhere to good object oriented principles E.g. the isa rule Prefer private as opposed to public Do not mix user interface code with non-user interface code Interact with the user in separate classes This makes non-UI classes more reusable

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Measure the quality and complexity of a program

Lines of code Uncommented lines of code Percentage of lines with comments Number of classes Number of methods per class Number of public methods per class Number of public instance variables per class Number of parameters per method Number of lines of code per method Depth of inheritance hierarchy Number of overridden methods per class

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Difficulties and Risks in Object-Oriented Programming

Language evolution and deprecated features: Java can be less efficient than other languages VM-based Dynamic binding Efficiency can be a concern in some object oriented systems Java is evolving, so some features are deprecated at every release But the same thing is true of most other languages

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Basing Software Development on Reusable Technology

Building on the Experience of Others

Software engineers should avoid re-developing software already developed Types of reuse: Reuse of expertise Reuse of standard designs and algorithms Reuse of libraries of classes or procedures Reuse of powerful commands built into languages and operating systems Reuse of frameworks Reuse of complete applications
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Reusability and Reuse in SE

Reuse and design for reusability should be part of the culture of software development organizations But there are problems to overcome: Why take the extra time needed to develop something that will benefit other projects/customers? Management may only reward the efforts of people who create the visible final products. Reusable software are often created in a hurry and without enough attention to quality.

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A vicious cycle
Developers tend not develop high quality reusable components, so there is often little to reuse To solve the problem, recognize that: This vicious cycle costs money Investment in reusable code is important Attention to quality of reusable components is essential So that potential reusers have confidence in them The quality of a software product is only as good as its lowest-quality reusable component Developing reusable components can often simplify design Developing reusable components improves reliability
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Frameworks: Reusable Subsystems

A framework is reusable software that implements a generic solution to a generalized problem. It provides common facilities applicable to different application programs. Principle: Applications that do different, but related, things tend to have quite similar designs

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Frameworks to promote reuse

A framework is intrinsically incomplete Certain classes or methods are used by the framework, but are missing (slots) Some functionality is optional Allowance is made for developer to provide it (hooks) Developers use the services that the framework provides Taken together the services are called the Application Program Interface (API)

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Object-oriented frameworks
In the object oriented paradigm, a framework is composed of a library of classes. The API is defined by the set of all public methods of these classes. Some of the classes will normally be abstract

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Examples of frameworks
A framework for payroll management A framework for frequent buyer clubs A framework for university registration A framework for e-commerce web sites A framework for controlling microwave ovens

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Types of frameworks
A horizontal framework provides general application facilities that a large number of applications can use A vertical framework (application framework) is more complete but still needs some slots to be filled to adapt it to specific application needs
Application Services offered by the framework Application

Horizontal framework Vertical framework

Code to be provided to adapt the framework to the needs of the application

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Exercise: Library Management System

Imagine you are designing a framework that different libraries (of books, not code) would be able to adapt to meet their needs. What kind of facilities would you want to provide if you were designing such a framework? In what ways do libraries differ such that they would need to use a framework rather than a complete application?

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The Client-Server Architecture

A distributed system is a system in which: computations are performed by separate programs normally running on separate pieces of hardware that co-operate to perform the task of the system. Server: A program that provides a service for other programs that connect to it using a communication channel Client A program that accesses a server (or several servers) to obtain services A server may be accessed by many clients simultaneously
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Sequence of activities in a client-server system

1. The server starts running 2. The server waits for clients to connect. (listening) 3. Clients start running and perform operations Some operations involve requests to the server 1. When a client attempts to connect, the server accepts the connection (if it is willing) 2. The server waits for messages to arrive from connected clients 3. When a message from a client arrives, the server takes some action in response, then resumes waiting 4. Clients and servers continue functioning in this manner until they decide to shut down or disconnect
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A server program communicating with two client programs

Application Services offered by the framework Application

Horizontal framework Vertical framework

Code to be provided to adapt the framework to the needs of the application

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Questions:
Is it possible for the client and server to be located on the same machine? Is it possible for the same program to be both client and server at the same time?

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Alternatives to the client server architecture

Have a single program on one computer that does everything Have no communication Each computer performs the work separately Have some mechanism other than client-server communication for exchanging information E.g. one program writes to a database; the other reads from the database

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Advantages of client-server systems

The work can be distributed among different machines The clients can access the servers functionality from a distance The client and server can be designed separately They can both be simpler All the data can be kept centrally at the server Conversely, data can be distributed among many different geographically-distributed clients or servers The server can be accessed simultaneously by many clients Competing clients can be written to communicate with the same server, and vice-versa

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Example of client-server systems

The World Wide Web Email Network File System Transaction Processing System Remote Display System Communication System Database System Please identify the clients and servers in each application.

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Activities of a server
1. Initializes itself 2. Starts listening for clients 3. Handles the following types of events originating from clients
1. 2. 3. accepts connections responds to messages handles client disconnection
Initializing For the server as a whole: Waiting
start listening stop listening

Waiting for Connections

accept connection

4. May stop listening 5. Must cleanly terminate

For each connection:

Handling a Connection disconnection

do: react to messages terminate

handle

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Activities of a client
1. 2. 3. 4. Initializes itself Initiates a connection Sends messages Handles the following types of events originating from the server
responds to messages handles server disconnection
initialize

initiate a connection to a server

1. 2.

interact with the user, sending messages to the server as necessary

respond to events triggered by the server

do: respond to messages and handle server disconnection

5. Must cleanly terminate

terminate

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Threads in a client-server system

Client Side (Client A) interact with user create connect send message reply to message display reply send message reply to message display reply display disconnect disconnect kill client create wait for server events Server Side wait for connections wait for messages: client A wait for messages: client B interact with server user

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Thin- versus fat-client systems

Thin-client system (a) Client is made as small as possible Most of the work is done in the server. Client easy to download over the network Fat-client system (b) As much work as possible is delegated to the clients. Server can handle more clients
Light computation simple commands results for display Heavy computation requests for services results of requests

Heavy computation a

Light computation b
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Communications protocols
The messages the client sends to the server form a language. The server has to be programmed to understand that language. The messages the server sends to the client also form a language. The client has to be programmed to understand that language. When a client and server are communicating, they are in effect having a conversation using these two languages The two languages and the rules of the conversation, taken together, are called the protocol
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Tasks to perform to develop client-server applications

1. Design the primary work to be performed by both client and server 2. Design how the work will be distributed 3. Design the details of the set of messages that will be sent 4. Design the mechanism for
1. 2. 3. 4. Initializing Handling connections Sending and receiving messages Terminating

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Technology Needed to Build Client-Server Systems

Internet Protocol (IP) Route messages from one computer to another Long messages are normally split up into small pieces Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Handles connections between two computers Computers can then exchange many IP messages over a connection Assures that the messages have been satisfactorily received A host has an IP address and a host name Several servers can run on the same host. Each server is identified by a port number (0 to 65535). To initiate communication with a server, a client must know both the host name and the port number

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Establishing a connection in Java

The java.net package Permits the creation of a TCP/IP connection between two applications Before a connection can be established, the server must start listening to one of the ports:
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port); Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept();

For a client to connect to a server:

Socket clientSocket= new Socket(host, port);
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Exchanging information in Java

Each program uses an instance of InputStream to receive messages from the other program OutputStream to send messages to the other program These are found in package java.io
output = new OutputStream(clientSocket.getOutputStream()); input = new InputStream(clientSocket.getInputStream());
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Sending and receiving messages

without any filters output.write(msg); msg = input.read(); or using DataInputStream / DataOutputStream filters output.writeDouble(msg); msg = input.readDouble(); or using ObjectInputStream / ObjectOutputStream filters output.writeObject(msg); msg = input.readObject();

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The Object Client-Server Framework (OCSF)

AbstractClient
openConnection sendToServer closeConnection connectionClosed connectionException connectionEstablished handleMessageFromServer

AbstractServer
listen stopListening close sendToAllClients getClientConnections clientConnected clientDisconnected clientException serverStarted serverStopped listeningException serverClosed handleMessageFromClient *

ConnectionToClient
sendToClient close setInfo getInfo

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Using OCSF
Software engineers using OCSF never modify its three classes They: Create subclasses of the abstract classes in the framework Call public methods that are provided by the framework Override certain slot and hook methods (explicitly designed to be overridden)
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The Client Side

Consists of a single class: AbstractClient Must be subclassed Any subclass must provide an implementation for handleMessageFromServer
- Takes appropriate action when a message is received from a server

Implements the Runnable interface Has a run method which

- Contains a loop that executes for the lifetime of the thread

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The public interface of AbstractClient

Controlling methods: openConnection closeConnection sendToServer Accessing methods: isConnected getHost setHost getPort setPort getInetAddress
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The callback methods of AbstractClient

Methods that may be overridden: connectionEstablished connectionClosed Method that must be overridden: handleMessageFromServer

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Using AbstractClient
Create a subclass of AbstractClient Implement handleMessageFromServer slot method Write code that: Creates an instance of the new subclass Calls openConnection Sends messages to the server using the sendToServer service method Implement the connectionClosed callback Implement the connectionException callback

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Internals of AbstractClient
Instance variables: A Socket which keeps all the information about the connection to the server Two streams, an ObjectOutputStream and an ObjectInputStream A Thread that runs using AbstractClients run method Two variables storing the host and port of the server

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The Server Side

Two classes: One for the thread which listens for new connections (AbstractServer) One for the threads that handle the connections to clients (ConnectionToClient)

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The public interface of AbstractServer

Controlling methods: listen stopListening close sendToAllClients Accessing methods: isListening getClientConnections getPort setPort setBacklog
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The callback methods of AbstractServer

Methods that may be overridden: serverStarted clientConnected clientDisconnected clientException serverStopped listeningException serverClosed Method that must be overridden: handleMessageFromClient
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The public interface of ConnectionToClient

Controlling methods: sendToClient close Accessing methods: getInetAddress setInfo getInfo

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Using AbstractServer and ConnectionToClient

Create a subclass of AbstractServer Implement the slot method handleMessageFromClient Write code that: Creates an instance of the subclass of AbstractClient Calls the listen method Sends messages to clients, using:
the getClientConnections and sendToClient service methods or sendToAllClients

Implement one or more of the other callback methods

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Internals of AbstractServer and ConnectionToClient

The setInfo and getInfo methods make use of a Java class called HashMap Many methods in the server side are synchronized The collection of instances of ConnectionToClient is stored using a special class called ThreadGroup The server must pause from listening every 500ms to see if the stopListening method has been called if not, then it resumes listening immediately
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An Instant Messaging Application: SimpleChat

<<interface>>

ChatIF
display

AbstractClient

AbstractServer

ChatClient ClientConsole
accept display main handleMessageFromServer handleMessageFromClientUI quit

EchoServer
handleMessageFromClient serverStarted serverStopped main

ClientConsole can eventually be replaced by ClientGUI

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The server
EchoServer is a subclass of AbstractServer The main method creates a new instance and starts it It listens for clients and handles connections until the server is stopped The three callback methods just print out a message to the user handleMessageFromClient, serverStarted and serverStopped The slot method handleMessageFromClient calls sendToAllClients This echoes any messages
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Key code in EchoServer

public void handleMessageFromClient (Object msg, ConnectionToClient client) { System.out.println( "Message received: " + msg + " from " + client); this.sendToAllClients(msg); }

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The client
When the client program starts, it creates instances of two classes: ChatClient A subclass of AbstractClient Overrides handleMessageFromServer
- This calls the display method of the user interface

ClientConsole User interface class that implements the interface ChatIF

- Hence implements display which outputs to the console

Accepts user input by calling accept in its run method Sends all user input to the ChatClient by calling its handleMessageFromClientUI
- This, in turn, calls sendToServer

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Key code in ChatClient

public void handleMessageFromClientUI( String message) { try { sendToServer(message); } catch(IOException e) { clientUI.display ( "Could not send message. " + "Terminating client."); quit(); } }

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Key code in ChatClient - continued

public void handleMessageFromServer(Object msg) { clientUI.display(msg.toString()); }

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Risks when reusing technology

Poor quality reusable components Ensure that the developers of the reusable technology:
- follow good software engineering practices - are willing to provide active support

Compatibility not maintained Avoid obscure features Only re-use technology that others are also re-using

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Risks when developing reusable technology

Investment uncertainty Plan the development of the reusable technology, just as if it was a product for a client The not invented here syndrome Build confidence in the reusable technology by: - Guaranteeing support - Ensuring it is of high quality - Responding to the needs of its users

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Risk when developing reusable technology continued

Competition The reusable technology must be as useful and as high quality as possible Divergence (tendency of various groups to change technology in different ways) Design it to be general enough, test it and review it in advance

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Risks when adopting a client-server approach

Security Security is a big problem with no perfect solutions: consider the use of encryption, firewalls, ... Need for adaptive maintenance Ensure that all software is forward and backward compatible with other versions of clients and servers

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