Training program on Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing

for HONEYWELL TECHNOLOGIES Ltd., BANGALORE, 25 27th Aug05

Introduction to GD&T, Symbols, Terms

COURSE OBJECTIVE
1. Be able to explain the main benefits of GD&T 2. Develop a Solid foundation of GD&T fundamentals 3. Be able to properly apply all 14 geometric controls 4. Be able to demonstrate a working knowledge of the applications of the Position control

What is GD&T
GD&T is a symbolic language GD&T is a design tool GD&T communicates design intent GD&T Authoritative document is ASME Y14.5M-1994 which specifies the proper application of GD&T GD&T is going to stay in the industry

When to use GD&T

When drawing and its interpretation must be same When features are critical to function or interchangeability When it is important to avoid scrapping of perfectly good parts When it is important to reduce drawing changes When functional gauging is required When automated equipment is used When it is important to increase productivity When companies want savings

HISTORY OF GD&T
Drawings existed as far back as 6000 B.C. Unit of measurement at that time is royal cubit. During 4000 B.C standardized to 4000 B.C. Manufacturing started in 1800s . The total process was conducted under one roof, communication among craftsmen was immediate and constant. Nothing less than perfection was good enough. There were variation, but back then measuring instruments were not precise enough to identify them.

 Now Engineers understand the variation is unavoidable. The variation acceptable without impairing the function of assembly is identified as tolerance. This led to the development of Coordinate dimensioning.

ENGINEERING DRAWING STANDARDS

1935American Standards Association(ASA) published American Drawing and Drafting Room Practices. World war II- Stanley Parker of Royal Torpedo Factory in Alexandria, Scotland created positional tolerancing with cylindrical tolerance zone rather than square tolerance zone. 1940-Draftsmens handbook by Chevrolet, U.S. 1944 &1948British published Dimensional Analysis of Engineering Design.

1946ASA published II edition of American Standard Drawing and Drafting Room Practice. 1946- SAE published Aeronautical Drafting Manual 1949- U.S Military published MIL-STD-8 1952- SAE Automotive Drafting Manual 1953- MIL_STDA revised. 1957- ASA Y14.5 1982American National Standards Institute (ANSI) published ANSI Y14.5. 1994ANSI Y14.5 Revised.

Introduction to Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing GD & T standards ANSI Y 14.5M 1982 ISO 1101 1983

ASME Y14.5M -1994

ISO 1101 -1983 (Technical Drawings-Geometrical TolerancingTolerancing of Form, Orientation, Location and Runout) ANSI Y14.5 1982-American National Standards Institute (ANSI) published ANSI Y14.5 ASME Y14.5M-1994

ASME Y14.5M-1994 Revised.

 Part feature is located (or defined) by means of rectangular dimensions with given tolerances.

CO ORDINATE TOLERANCING SYSTEM

THREE MAJOR SHORTCOMING OF COORDINATE DIMENSIONING

1. Square or rectangular tolerance zones. 2. Fixed-size tolerance zones. 3. Ambiguous instruction for inspection.

1.Square (or illogical )Tolerance Zones.

Diagonally more tolerance (0.707) than vertical and horizontal direction (0.5) More logical and functional approach is to allow same tolerance on all sides, creating cylindrical tolerance zone.

COMPARISION BETWEEN GD&T AND COORDINATE TOLERANCING.

Cylindrical vs. Rectangular Tolerance Zones

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING.

Rectangular Tolerancing

Rectangular Tolerance

Analysis

Geometric Tolerancing

Geometric Dimensioning Tolerance Analysis

2.Fixed-Size Tolerance zones

Function of a hole in assembly is , hole location is critical when the hole is at minimum limit (MMC).

 If hole size is larger than its minimum size limit, its location tolerance can be correspondingly larger without affecting the part function.

 Co-ordinate tolerancing does not allow for cylindrical tolerance zones and tolerance hole that increase with the hole size, lengthy notes have to be added.
LMC MMC

3.AMBIGUOUS INSTRUCTION FOR INSPECTORS

Different ways to hold the part for inspection, confusion for the inspector which surface to touch the gage equipment first, second and third.
Consequence: Good parts could be rejected or, Bad parts could be accepted.

3 Benefits of GD & T
A. Cylindrical tolerance zones. B. Maximum Material Condition. C. Datums specified in order of precedence.

COORDINATE DIMENSIONING USAGE

Type of dimension Appropriate use Poor use

Size
Chamfer

Radius
Locating part feature Controlling angular relationships Defining the form of part feature

Symbols, Terms, of GD&T

Symbols
GD&T symbols are the essence of this graphic language. It is important not only to know each symbol, but also to know how to apply these symbols to drawings

Terms
The names and definitions of many GD&T concepts are very specific to this subject. In some cases they are very different from general English usage

Symbols of GD & T
Geometric characteristic symbols are a set of fourteen Symbols used in the language of geometric tolerancing. The symbols are divided into five categories: Form Profile Orientation Location Runout

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

FEATURES
A feature is a general term applied to a physical portion of part, such as a surface, hole or slots,tabs. An easy way to remember this term is to think of a feature as a part surface.

FEATURES

FEATURE OF SIZE
This is one cylindrical or spherical surface, or set of two opposed elements or parallel surfaces associated with size dimension which has an axis, center line or center plane contained within it. Features of size are features, which do have diameter or thickness. These may be cylinders, such as shafts and holes. They may also be slots, rectangular or flat parts, where two parallel flat surfaces are considered to form a single feature.

How many feature of size are there?

FEATURE OF SIZE

NON FEATURE OF SIZE

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FOS

External FOS are comprised of part surfaces that are external surfaces.
Like shaft diameter or width height of a planner surfaces. and

Internal FOS is comprised of part surfaces (or elements) that are internal part surfaces.
like hole diameter or the width of a slot.

Example:

FEATURE OF SIZE DIMENSIONS

A feature of size dimension is a dimension that is associated with a feature of size.

ACTUAL MATING ENVELOPE = PERFECT FEATURE COUNTERPART.

The Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an external feature of size is a similar perfect feature counterpart of the smallest size that can be circumscribed about the feature so it just contacts the surfaces at the highest points with in the tolerance zone.

Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an external FOS

ACTUAL MATING ENVELOPE = PERFECT FEATURE COUNTERPART

The actual mating envelope (AME) of an internal feature of size is a similar perfect feature counterpart of the largest size that can be inscribed within the feature so that it just contacts the surfaces at their highest points with in the tolerance zone.

Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an internal FOS

Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an internal FOS

MATERIAL CONDITIONS
A geometric tolerance can be specified to apply at the largest size, smallest size or actual size of a feature of size. Maximum Material Condition (MMC) Maximum material condition is the condition in which a feature of size contains the maximum amount of material everywhere within the stated limits of size.

MMC of external Feature Of Size MMC

MMC of internal Feature Of Size

MMC

LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION (LMC)

Least material condition is the condition in which a feature of size contains the least amount of material everywhere within the stated limits of size .
LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION

Regardless of feature size (RFS)

Regardless of feature size is the term that indicates a geometric tolerance applies at any increment of size of the feature within its size tolerance. NO Bonus tolerance

RFS applied only to size features, such as hole, shafts, pins, etc.; feature which have an axis, centerplane or centerline. Symbol : S

 Each material condition is used for different functional reasons.

Material Condition Usage

Geometric tolerances are often specified to apply at MMC when the function of a FOS is assembly.
Geometric tolerances are often specified to apply at LMC to insure a minimum distance on a part. Geometric tolerances are often specified to apply at RFS to insure symmetrical relationships.

MODIFIERS
Modifiers communicate additional information about the drawing or Tolerancing of a part.
There are nine common modifiers used in geometric tolerancing.

Eight modifiers

PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE

Symbol: P The projected tolerance zone modifier changes the location of the tolerance zone on the part. It projects the tolerance zone above the part surface. Height of the projected tolerance zone should be equal to the max. thickness of the mating part.

FEATURE CONTROL FRAME WITH A PROJECTED TOLERENCE ZONE SYMBOL

Using a Projected Tolerance Zone

A projected tolerance zone is a tolerance zone that is projected above the part surface. A projected tolerance zone modifier is specified as P

Using a Projected Tolerance Zone (Contd..)

A projected tolerance zone is used to limit the perpendicularity of a hole to ensure assembly with mating part.

Using a Projected Tolerance Zone (contd.)

TANGENT PLANE MODIFIER

The tangent plane modifier denotes that only the tangent plane of the toleranced surface needs to be within this tolerance zone.

DIAMETER MODIFIER ( )

The diameter symbol is used two ways: inside a feature control frame as a modifier to denote the shape of the tolerance zone, or outside the feature control frame to simply replace the word "diameter.

 Inside the feature control frame

Outside the feature control frame

Reference modifier ( )
The modifier for reference is simply the method of denoting that information is for reference only. The information is not to be used for manufacturing or inspection. To designate a dimension or other information as reference, the reference information is enclosed in parentheses.

Reference Example:

RADIUS MODIFIER (R)

Arcs are dimensioned with radius symbol on drawings. A radius is a straight line extending from the center of an arc or a circle to its surface. The Symbol for a radius is "R. When the "R" symbol is used, it creates a zone defined by two arcs. The part surface must lie within this zone. The part surface may have flats or reversals within the tolerance zone.

Radius modifier

Controlled Radius (CR)

The symbol for a controlled radius is "CR. it creates a tolerance zone defined by two arcs. The part surface must be within the crescent-shaped tolerance zone and be an arc without flats or reversals.

CONTROL RADIUS

DATUM IDENTIFYING LETTER

DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL

DATUM FEATURE SYMBOLS ON A FEATURE SURFACE AND AN EXTENSION LINE

PLACEMENT OF DATUM FEATURE SYMBOLS ON FEATURES OF SIZE

PLACEMENT OF DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL IN CONJUNCTION WITH A FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

DATUM TARGET SYMBOL

BASIC DIMESNSION SYMBOL

SYMBOL INDICATING THE SPECIFIED TOLERANCE IS A STATISTICAL GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE

BETWEEN SYMBOL

COUNTERBORE OR SPOTFACE SYMBOL

COUNTERSINK SYMBOL

DIMENSION ORIGIN SYMBOL

DEPTH SYMBOL

SQUARE SYMBOL

SYMBOL FOR ALL AROUND

FEATURE CONTROL FRAME WITH FREE STATE SYMBOL

FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

Feature Control Frame

Geometric tolerances are specified on a drawing through the use of a feature control frame.

Symbol of Geometric Tol.

Zone of Tolerance

P.D

S.D

T.D

W or w/o zone Modifier

FEATURE CONTROL FRAME INCORPORATING A DATUM REFERENCE SYMBOL

Feature Control Frame

The Feature Control Frame

Feature Control Frames Attached to Features

Feature Control Frames Attached to Features

Feature Control Frames Attached to Features

Datum Features Symbols Attached to Features

Datum Features Symbols Attached to Features

ORDER OF PRECEDENCE OF DATUM REFERENCE

MULTIPLE FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES

COMBINED FEATURE CONTROL FRAME AND DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL

FEATURE CONTROL FRAME PLACEMENT

RULES, BONUS TOLERANCE, VIRTUAL CONDITION

1. Understand Rules of GD &T Rule #1 and Rule #2. 2. Understand the concepts of basic dimensions, virtual condition, inner and outer boundary, worst-case boundary and bonus tolerance.

Rules There are four rules that apply to drawings in general, and to GD&T in particular. They specify some relationships that occur on drawing Symbols, Terms and rules are the basics of GD&T. They are the alphabet, the definitions and the syntax of this language

RULE # 1
When no geometric tolerance is specified, the dimensional tolerance controls the geometric form as well as the size. No element of the feature shall extend beyond the MMC boundary of perfect form. The form tolerance increases as the actual size of the feature departs from MMC towards LMC

Rule #1
Rule #1 is referred to as the "Individual Feature of Size Rule." In industry the Rule #1 is paraphrased as perfect form at MMC or the envelope rule.

Where only a tolerance of size is specified, the limits of size of an individual feature prescribe the extent to which variations in its form as well as in its size are allowed.

An example of effects of Rule #1 on a planar FOS.

In Rule #1, the words perfect form mean perfect flatness, straightness, circularity and cylindricity. In other words if the feature of size is produced at MMC, it is required to have perfect form. TECHNOTE For features of size, where only a tolerance of size is specified, the surfaces shall not extend beyond a boundary (envelope) of perfect form at MMC.

INSPECTING A FEATURE OF SIZE

When inspecting a FOS that is controlled by Rule #1, both its size and form need to be verified. The MMC size and the Rule #1 envelope can be verified with a Go gage. A Go gage is made to the MMC limit of the FOS and has perfect form.

Go gage must be at least as long as the FOS it is verifying.

The minimum size (LMC) of a FOS can be measured with a No-Go gage. A No-Go gage is made to the LMC limit of the FOS.

Rule #1

1. What straightness tolerance is implied in the drawing above? ______________ If the pin is produced at a diameter of 1.010, it must be straight within what tolerance? ______________ If the pin is produced at a diameter of 1.015, it must be straight within what tolerance? ______________ If the pin is produced at a diameter of 1.020, it must be straight within what tolerance? ______________ If the pin is produced at a diameter of 1.000, it must be straight within what tolerance? ______________

2.

3.

4.

5.

RULE # 2 (1994 standard)

RFS automatically applies to individual tolerances and to datum feature of size. MMC & LMC must be specified where Required.

Rule #2a is an alternative practice of Rule #2 according to which RFS may be specified as a symbol in feature control frames if desired and applicable.

RULE # 3(1982 Standard)

For all other geometric controls, RFS automatically applies

RULE # 4
All geometric tolerances specified for screw threads apply to the axis of the thread derived from the pitch diameter. Exceptions must be specified by a note (such as Major Dia or Minor Dia). All geometric tolerances specified for gears and splines must designate the specific feature(such as Major Dia or Minor Dia) at which each applies.

RULE # 5 (Virtual Condition Rule) Where a datum feature of size is controlled by a geometric tolerance and is specified as a secondary or tertiary datum, the datum applies at virtual condition with respect to ORIENTATION.

INTRODUCTION TO: VIRTUAL CONDITION AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS Definition

Virtual Condition (VC): is a worst-case boundary generated by the collective effects of a feature of size at MMC or at LMC and the geometric tolerance for that material condition.
The VC of a FOS includes effects of the size, orientation, and location for the FOS.

Inner Boundary (IB) is a worst-case boundary generated by the smallest feature of size minus the stated geometric tolerance (and any additional tolerance, if applicable).

Outer Boundary (OB) is a worst-case boundary generated by the largest feature of size plus the stated geometric tolerance (and any additional tolerance, if applicable).

Worst-Case Boundary (WCB) is a general term to refer to the extreme boundary of a FOS that is the worst-case for assembly. Depending upon the part dimensioning, a worst-case boundary can be a virtual condition, inner boundary, or outer boundary.

Worst-Case Boundary when no Geometric Tolerances are specified.

TECHNOTE If a feature control frame is applied to a feature (a surface), it does not affect its WCB. If a feature control frame is applied to a FOS (an axis or centerplane), it does affect its WCB.

MMC Virtual Condition

The virtual condition (or WCB) is the extreme

boundary that represents the worst-case for

functional requirements, such as clearance or assembly with a mating part.

In the case of an external FOS, such as a pin or a shaft, the VC (or WCB) is determined by formula:

VC = MMC + Geometric Tol.

In the case of an internal FOS, such as a hole, the VC (or WCB) is determined by formula:
VC = MMC Geometric Tol.

RFS inner and outer boundary When a geometric tolerance that contains no modifiers (RFS default per Rule #2) in the

tolerance portion of the feature control frame is

applied to a FOS, the inner or outer boundary (or worst-case boundary) of the FOS is affected.

In the case of an external FOS, such as a pin or a shaft, the OB (or WCB) is determined by the formula:

OB = MMC + Geometric Tol.

In case of an internal FOS, such as a hole, the IB (or WCB) is determined by the formula: IB = MMC Geometric Tol.

Multiple virtual conditions

On complex industrial drawings, it is common to have multiple geometric controls applied to a FOS. When this happens, the feature of size may have several virtual conditions.

Panel A shows the size tolerance requirements of Rule #1.

Panel B shows the virtual condition those results from the perpendicularity control. This control produces a 10.3 dia. boundary relative to the datum plane A.

Panel C shows the virtual condition that results from positional control. This control produces a 10.4 dia. boundary relative to datums A, B and C.

Multiple Virtual Conditions.

INTRODUCTION TO BONUS TOLERANCE

When the actual mating size of the FOS departs

from MMC (towards LMC) an increase in the

stated tolerance- equal to the amount of the

departure- is permitted. This increase or extra

tolerance is called the bonus tolerance.

The bonus tolerance concept applies to any geometric control that uses the MMC (or LMC) modifiers in the tolerance portion of the feature control frame.

The maximum amount of bonus tolerance permissible is equal to the difference between the MMC and the LMC of the tolerance FOS.

TECHNOTE-BONUS TOLERANCE

Maximum Material Condition

MMC Exercise

Virtual Condition Rule

Virtual Condition Calculation

DATUM REFERENCE FRAMES

DATUM SYSTEMS (PLANAR DATUM)

Set of symbols and rules that communicates to the drawing user how dimensional measurements are to be made.

Datum Plane

WHY DATUM SYSTEM?

First, it allows the designer to specify which part surfaces are to contact the inspection equipment for the measurement of a dimension. Second, the datum system allows the designer to specify, in which sequence the part is to contact the inspection equipment for the measurement of a dimension.

BENEFITS OF DATUM SYSTEM -It aids in making repeatable dimensional

measurements. -It aids in communicating part functional relationships. -It aids in making the dimensional measurement as intended by the designer.

CONSEQUENCES
-Good parts are rejected -Bad parts are accepted

DATUMS(PLANAR)

DATUM DATUM FEATURE DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR SIMULATED DATUM DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL DATUM SELECTION

DATUM
A datum is a theoretically exact plane, point or axis from which a dimensional measurement is made. A Datum is the true geometric counter part of a datum feature A true geometric counter part is the theoretical perfect boundary or best fit tangent plane of a datum feature.

DATUM FEATURE

A datum feature is a part feature that exists on the part and contacts a datum.

SIMULATED DATUM

A simulated datum is the plane established by the inspection equipment.

DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR

A datum feature simulator is the inspection equipment that includes the gage elements used to establish the simulated datum.

DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL

The symbol used to specify a datum feature on a drawing is called the datum feature symbol.

FOUR WAYS OF REPRESENTING PLANAR DATUMS

DATUM REFERENCE IN FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

The drawing must communicate when and how the datums should be used. This is typically done through the use of feature control frames.

DATUM REFERENCE IN FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

DATUM SELECTION
Datum features are selected on the basis of part function and assembly requirements. Datum features often orient (stabilize) and locate the part in its assembly.

DATUM SELECTION

DATUM REFRENCE FRAME

A datum reference frame is a set of three mutually perpendicular datum planes. The datum reference frame provides direction as well as an origin of dimensional measurements.

DATUM REFRENCE FRAME

DATUM REFRENCE FRAME(contd)

The planes of a datum reference frame have zero perpendicularity tolerance to each other by definition. The 90angle between datum planes are basic.

DATUM REFRENCE FRAME(contd)

When making a location measurement on a part feature, the six degrees of freedom are restricted by using a datum reference frame. The method of bringing a part into contact with the planes of the datum reference frame has a significant impact on the measurement of the part dimensions.

DATUM REFRENCE FRAME(contd)

Primary datum: This establishes the orientation of the part(stablise the part )to the datum reference frame.
The part contacts the datum plane with at least three points of contact. The primary datum restricts three degree of freedom

DATUM REFRENCE FRAME(contd)

Secondary datum: This locates the part(restricts part movement) within the datum reference frame. Requires a minimum of two points of contact with the secondary datum. The Secondary datum restricts two additional degree of freedom

DATUM REFRENCE FRAME(contd)

Tertiary datum: This locates the part(restricts part movement) within the datum reference frame. Requires a minimum of one points of contact with the secondary datum. The tertiary datum restricts the last remaining degree of freedom

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Datums

THE 3-2-1 RULE

The 3-2-1 rule defines the minimum number of points of contact required.
The 3-2-1 rule only applies on a part with all planar datums.

Datum-related versus FOS dimensions

Only dimensions that are related to a datum reference frame through geometric tolerances should measure in a datum reference frame.
If a dimension is not associated to a datum reference frame with a geometric tolerance, then there is no specification on how to locate the part in the datum frame.

DATUM REFRENCE FRAME

Datum-related versus FOS dimensions(contd)

INCLINED DATUM FEATURES

An inclined datum feature is a datum feature that is at an angle other than 90, relative to the other datum features.

MULTIPLE DATUM REFERENCE FRAMES

A part may have as many datum reference frames as needed to define its functional relationships.

COPLANAR DATUM FEATURES

COPLANAR SURFACES.
COPLANAR DATUM FEATURES.

-In this case, a datum feature symbol is attached

to a profile control.

-The profile control limits the flatness and

co planarity of the surfaces.

COPLANAR DATUM FEATURES(contd)

DATUM AXIS & DATUM CENTER PLANE

INTRODUCTION
Here Feature of Size is used as a datum features When a diameter is used as a datum feature, It results in a datum axis
When a planar is used as a datum feature, it results in a datum center plane
Describe the datum that results from a FOS datum feature

3 Ways for representing an axis as datum

Datum identification symbol can be touching the surface of a diameter to specify axis as the datum

Describe the ways to specify an axis as a datum.

3 Ways for representing an axis as datum (Contd.)

Datum identification symbol can be touching the beginning of a leader line of FOS to specify an datum axis

3 Ways for representing an axis as datum (Contd.)

Datum identification symbol can be touching the feature control frame to specify an axis or centre plane as datum

2 Ways for representing a centre plane as datum

Datum identification symbol can be inline with dimension line to specify on axis or centre plane as datum

Describe the ways to specify an centre plane as a datum.

2 Ways for representing a centre plane as

datum (Contd.)
Datum identification symbol can replace one side of the dimension line and arrow head

Datum Terminology
Datum feature A Datum feature simulator / Gauge element Simulated datum axis A Simulated datum Feature A

FOS datum feature referenced at MMC

FOS datum feature referenced at MMC (Contd)

The gauging equipment that serves as the datum feature simulator is a fixed size The datum axis or center plane is the axis or center plane of the gage element The size of the true geometric counterpart of the datum feature is determined by the specified MMC limit of size or, in certain cases, its MMC virtual condition

FOS datum feature referenced at MMC (Contd)

Referencing a FOS datum at MMC has two effects on the part gaging : The gage is fixed in size The part may be loose (shift) in the gage

List two effects of referencing a FOS datum at MMC

Datum axis MMC primary

Draw the datum feature simulator for an external and internal FOS datum feature (MMC primary).

Datum centre plane MMC primary

Datum axis MMC secondary

Draw the datum feature simulator for an FOS datum feature (MMC secondary with virtual condition)

Datum axis secondary (MMC) , Datum centre plane tertiary (MMC)

Datum axis secondary (MMC) , Datum centre plane tertiary (MMC) (Contd)
When referencing the datums with the face primary, diameter secondary (MMC), and slot tertiary (MMC), the following conditions apply: The part will have a minimum of three points of contact with the primary datum plane The datum feature simulators will be fixed size gage elements. The datum axis is the axis of the datum feature simulator

Datum axis secondary (MMC) , Datum centre plane tertiary (MMC) (Contd)
The datum axis is perpendicular to the primary datum plane Depending upon the datum feature's actual mating size, a datum shift may be available. Second and third datum planes are to be associated with the datum axis The tertiary datum center plane is the center plane of the tertiary datum feature simulator

Datum sequence

Panel-A

Explain how changing the datum reference sequence in a feature control frame affects the part and gauge

 Panel A

Datum sequence (contd)

An adjustable gauge is required. No datum shift is permissible on datum feature A The part is oriented in the gage by datum feature A Datum feature B will have a minimum of one point contact with its datum feature simulator The orientation of the holes will be relative to datum axis A

Panel B

Datum feature simulator for datum plane B

 Panel B
Datum feature B will have 3- point contact with its datum plane The part is oriented in the gauge by datum feature B The orientation of holes will be relative to datum plane B An adjustable gauge is required and no datum shift is permissible on datum feature A

Panel C

Virtual condition=10.2

Cylindrical Datum Features

Establishing Datums

Multiple Datum Features

Datum Quiz True or False (Circle one) T T T T F F F F 1. A datum is a theoretically exact geometric reference. 2. Primary datums provide feature orientation. 3. Datums exist on the part itself. 4. Simulated Datums are established by processing or inspection equipment. T F 5. Surface plates and V-blocks may be used to establish simulated datums. T T T F F F 6. Datum features are theoretically exact surfaces. 7. In certain cases, the 1982 & 1994 standards allow implied datums. 8. A datum reference frame consists of three mutually perpendicular planes T T F F 9. Multiple datum features are shown like this A-B

10. The letters I,O and Q are not used for datum symbols

DATUM EXERCISE

Establishing Datums

Datum Exercise

DATUM TARGETS
Datum targets are symbols that describe the shape, size and location of gauge elements that used to establish datum planes or axes. Datum targets are shown on the part surfaces on a drawing, but they actually do not exist on a part. Datum targets can be specified to simulate a point, line or area contact on a part. The use of datum targets allows a stable and repeatable relationship for a part with its gauge. Datum targets should be specified on parts where it is not practical (or possible) to use an entire surface as a datum feature.

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS

A datum target application uses two of symbols: 1.A datum target identification symbol 2.Symbols that denote which type of gauge elements are to be used. The leader line from the symbol specifies whether the datum target exists on the surface shown or on the hidden surface side of the part. Three symbols used to denote the type of gauge element in a datum target application are the symbols for a target point, a target line, and a target area.

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)

A datum target point is specified by an X shaped symbol, consisting of a pair of lines intersecting at 90. Basic dimensions should used be used to locate datum target points relative each other and the other datums on the part.

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)

Datum target point

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)

Datum target line

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)

Datum target areas

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)

Creating a partial reference frame from offset surfaces(contd)

FEATURE CONTROL FRAME PLACEMENT

 Interpret the flatness control. Interpret the straightness control.

Interpret the circularity control.

Interpret the cylindricity control.

FORM CONTROLS
Flatness.
Straightness. Circularity.

Cylindricity.

FLATNESS

SYMBOL :-

ZONE OF TOLERANCE :- TWO PARALLEL PLANES

STRAIGHTNESS

SYMBOL :-

ZONE OF TOLERANCE :- CYLINDER

CIRCULARITY

SYMBOL :-

ZONE OF TOLERANCE :- TWO COPLANAR CONCENTRIC CIRCLES

CYLINDRICITY

SYMBOL :-

ZONE OF TOLERANCE :- TWO COAXIAL CYLINDERS

FLATNESS
Definition : Flatness is the condition of a surface having all of its elements in one plane. The tolerance zone for a flatness control is three-dimensional. General representation

Interpretation of Flatness tolerance :

It consists of two parallel planes within which all the surface elements must lie. The distance between the parallel planes is equal to the flatness control tolerance value.

Rule #1 Effect on Flatness

Whenever Rule #1 applies to a feature of size that consists of two parallel planes, an automatic indirect flatness control exists for both surfaces.

Rule #1 Effect on Flatness

When the feature of size is at MMC, both surfaces must be perfectly flat. As the feature departs from MMC, a flatness error equal to the amount of the departure is allowed.

Flatness Control Application

Some examples of when a designer uses flatness control on a drawing are to provide a flat surface: For a gasket or seal. To attach a mating part. For better contact with a datum plane. When these types of applications are involved, the indirect flatness control that results from Rule #1 is often not sufficient to satisfy the functional requirements of the part surface. This is when a flatness control is specified on a drawing:

Inspecting Flatness
Establish the first plane of the tolerance zone by placing the part surface on a surface plate that has a small hole.

 The surface plate becomes the true counterpart of the controlled feature. A dial indicator is set in the small hole. The tip of the dial indicator traces a path across the entire part surface. Then the part is moved over the hole at random.

 If the FIM (full indicator movement) is larger than the flatness tolerance value at any point on the path, then the surface flatness is not within its specification.

STRAIGHTNESS : Definition : Straightness of a line element is the condition where each line element (or axis or center plane) is a straight line. The tolerance zone for a straightness control (as a surface line element control) is twodimensional. General Representation :

General Representation

Interpretation (Straightness applied to the surface element)

Rule#1s Effects on Surface Straightness

Whenever Rule #1 is in effect, an automatic indirect straightens control exists for the surface line elements.

Rule#1s Effects on Surface Straightness

When the feature of size is at MMC, the line elements must be perfectly straight. As the FOS departs from MMC a straightness error equal to the amount of the departure is allowed.

Interpretation (Straightness applied to the axis)

0.2

0.2mm

Straightness at MMC Application

A common reason for applying a straightness control at MMC to a FOS on a drawing is to insure the function of assembly. Whenever the MMC modifier is used in a straightness control, it means the stated tolerance applies when the FOS is produced at MMC.

Straightness at MMC Application

An important benefit becomes available when straightness is applied at MMC: extra tolerance is permissible. As the FOS departs from MMC towards LMC, a bonus tolerance becomes available.

Inspecting a Straightness Control (Applied to a FOS at MMC)

CIRCULARITY
Definition: Circularity is a condition where all points of a surface of revolution, at any Section perpendicular to a common axis, are equidistant from that axis. General representation:
0.2

39.0 38.5

Example :

Circularity control :
A circularity control is a geometric tolerance that limits the amount of circularity on a part surface. It specifies that each circular element of a features surface must lie within a tolerance zone of two coaxial circles. It also applies independently at each cross section element and at a right angle to the feature axis. The radial distance between the circles is equal to the circularity control tolerance value.

INTERPRETATION
94.2 94.6 0.2

79.4 79.8 0.2

Two imaginary and concentric circles with their radii 0.2mm apart.

0.2

Part surface

Circularity application :
Is to limit the lobing (out of round) of a shaft diameter. In certain cases, lobing of a shaft diameter will cause bearings or bushings to fail prematurely.

Circularity application :

The diameter must be within its size tolerance. The circularity control does not override Rule #1.

The circularity control tolerance must be less than the size tolerance.
The circularity control does not affect the outer boundary of the FOS.

INSPECTION OF CIRCULARITY

Cylindricity

Definition :Cylindricity is a condition of a surface of revolution in which all points of the surface are equidistant from a common axis. General Representation :
0.2

39.0 38.5

Example & Interpretation:

Cylindricity control :
A cylindricity control is a geometric tolerance that limits the amount of cylindricity error permitted on a part surface.

It specifies a tolerance zone of two coaxial cylinders within which all points of the surface must lie. A cylindricity control applies simultaneously to the entire surface.
The radial distance between the two coaxial cylinders is equal to the cylindricity control tolerance value. A cylindricity control is a composite control that limits the circularity, straightness, and taper of a diameter simultaneously.

Cylindricity application :
Is to limit the surface conditions (out of round, taper, and straightness) of a shaft diameter. In certain cases, surface conditions of a shaft diameter will cause bearings or bushings to fail prematurely.

Cylindricity application :

The diameter must also be within its size tolerance.

The cylindricity control does not override Rule #1. The cylindricity control tolerance must be less than the total size tolerance. The cylindricity control does not affect the outer boundary of the FOS.

INSPECTION OF CYLINDRICITY

Unit Flatness

Flatness

Straightness of Surface Elements

Straightness of an Axis (RFS and MMC)

Circularity