EXCEPTIONS IN JAVA

Whats Exception
An exception is an abnormal condition that occurs at run time. For example divide by 0. During execution of a statement within any method if any exceptional condition occurs the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) i.e. java interpreter creates a suitable Exception object and throws it. Every Exception is basically an object belonging to Javas Exception class Hierarchy. Exceptions needs to be handled so that appropriate actions can be taken. Programmer can also provide exception handling code. However if there is no exception handling code present during runtime and exception occurs, then java interpreter provides default exception handler. Default Exception Handler displays the name of the exception object in string form and stops the execution of the program. However , programmer can provide exception handling code and programs execution can continue even after the occurrence of exception.

Exception class Hierarchy

Every Exception type is basically an object belonging to class Exception Throwable class is the root class of Exceptions. Throwable class has two direct subclasses named Exception, Error

Types of Exceptions
All Exceptions that extend the RuntimeException or any one of its subclass are unchecked exceptions
A. Unchecked Exceptions

Unchecked Exceptions are unchecked by compiler.

Whether you catch the exception or not compiler will pass the compilation process.
If Unchecked exception is caught then exception handling code will be executed and programs execution continues.

If Unchecked exception is not caught then java interpreter will provide the default handler. But in this case execution of the program will be stopped by displaying the name of the exceptions object.

Unchecked Exceptions
Some Common Unchecked Exceptions 1. ArithmaticException (Divide By 0) 2. ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException 3. ArrayStoreException 4. FileNotFoundException 5. NullPointerException 6. NumberFormatException 7. IllegalArumentsException

Throwable

Exception

Error

RunTimeException

All Unchecked Exceptions directly or indirectly are sub classes of RunTimeException

Any Class belonging to RunTimeException

UncheckedExceptions Example
class Exceptiondemo1 { public static void main(String arhs[]) throws ArithmeticException { int a=10; int b= 5; int c =5; No Need to mention for int x = a/(b-c); // Dynamic Initilization Unchecked Exceptions System.out.println("c="+c); int y = a/(b+c); System.out.println("y="+y); Can Throw an Exception } } D:\java\bin>javac Exceptiondemo1.java << Compilation Step Pass>> D:\java\bin>java Exceptiondemo1 Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero at Exceptiondemo1.main(Exceptiondemo1.java:8)

Example 2 (Unchecked Exceptions)

class Exceptiondemo2 Can throw either { ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException OR public static void main(String args[]) NumberFormatException { double a= Double.parseDouble(args[0]); } }
D:\java\bin>javac Exceptiondemo2.java D:\java\bin>java Exceptiondemo2 Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 0 at Exceptiondemo2.main(Exceptiondemo2.java:5) D:\java\bin>java Exceptiondemo2 pankaj Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: "pankaj at sun.misc.FloatingDecimal.readJavaFormatString(FloatingDecimal.java:1 2 24) at java.lang.Double.parseDouble(Double.java:482) at Exceptiondemo2.main(Exceptiondemo2.java:5)

Put the Related/Dependent Statements in try block

class extest { public static void main(String args[]) { try { E:\oop>javac extest.java int a = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); extest.java:10: cannot find } symbol catch(Exception e) {} symbol : variable a int b = a+10; location: class extest System.out.println("b="+b); int b = a+10; } ^ extest.java:10: incompatible types }
found : <nulltype> required: int int b = a+10; ^ 2 errors

Cont
class extest { public static void main(String args[]) {

try { int a = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); int b = a+10; System.out.println("b="+b); }

catch(Exception e) {} } }

Types of Exceptions
B Checked Exceptions All Exceptions that extends the Exception or any one its subclass except RunTimeException class are checked exceptions Checked Exceptions are checked by the Java compiler. There are two approaches that a user can follow to deal with checked exceptions

Handling Checked Exceptions

Inform the compiler that a method can throw an Exception. Catch the checked exception in try catch block If Checked exception is caught then exception handling code will be executed and programs execution continues.

If Checked exception is not caught then java interpreter will provide the default handler. But in this case execution of the program will be stopped by displaying the name of the exceptions object.

Checked Exceptions Examples

Some Common Checked Exceptions 1. IOException 2. ClassNotFoundExceptions 3. InterruptedException 4. NoSuchMethodException

Throwable

Exception

Error

Any Sub Class belonging to Exception

EXCEPT
RuntimeException

Checked Exceptions /* Program to read two integers Display their sum */

import java.io.*; WILL THIS CODE class Exceptiondemo3 COMPILE { public static void main(String args[]) SUCCESSFULLY { BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

int a = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine()); int b = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());

System.out.println("Sum is :"+(a+b)); } } Exceptiondemo3.java:9: unreported exception java.io.IOException; must be caught or declared to be thrown int a = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine()); ^ Exceptiondemo3.java:10: unreported exception java.io.IOException; must be caugh or declared to be thrown int b = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine()); ^

Ways To Handle Checked Exceptions

Method 1: << Mention thru throws clause>> import java.io.*; class Exceptiondemo3 { public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new inputStreamReader(System.in));

int a = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine()); int b = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine()); System.out.println("Sum is :"+(a+b)); } }

1. throws clause is used with methods to indicate type of Exception a method can throw 2. Specifically required for Checked Exceptions [ To Pass Compilation process]. It can/may be used for unchecked exceptions also. 3. A method can throw as many exceptions.

Ways To Handle Checked Exceptions

cont.

Method 2 << Put the statements in try catch block and catch >> import java.io.*; class Exceptiondemo3 { public static void main(String args[]) {
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new inputStreamReader(System.in));

try { int a = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine()); int b = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine()); System.out.println("Sum is :"+(a+b)); } catch(IOException e) { } } }

Exception Handling
Exception Handling Requires the Following four steps 1. Finding the problem (Identify the statements whose execution may result in Exception. Put all those statements in a try{..} block) 2. Inform that an exception is thrown (Throw the Exception) << Note Down throw vs throws>> 3. Receive the exception ( Catch the exception using catch{..} block) 4. Provide exception handling code in catch block.

Exception Hadling Syntax

try { <statements that can throw exceptions> } catch(ExceptionType<1> e1) {.} Important Points : 1. try {} block may have one or multiple statements. 2. try{} block may throw a single type of Exception or multiple exceptions. But at a time it can throw only single type of exception. 3. There can be multiple catch() { .. } blocks associated with single try{} block. 4. If try{} block can throw multiple exceptions then user should catch all exceptions. (one catch block for each type of exception)

catch(ExceptionType<2> e2) {.}

catch(ExceptionType<3> e3) {.} .. catch(ExceptionType<N> e4) {.}

class Exceptiondemo1 { public static void main(String arhs[]) { int a=10; int b= 5; int c =5; try { int x = a/(b-c); System.out.println("c="+c); D:\java\bin>java Exceptiondemo1 } java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero catch(ArithmeticException e) y=1 { System.out.println(e.toString()); } int y = a/(b+c); System.out.println("y="+y); } }

Catching an Exception

Catching Multiple Exceptions

class Exceptiondemo4 {
public static void main(String args[])

{ int a[]= {5,10}; try { int b= Integer.parseInt(args[0]); int x = a[b]/(b-a[1]); catch(ArithmeticException e) System.out.println("x="+x); { System.out.println(e.toString()); }
} catch(NumberFormatException e) { System.out.println(e.toString()); } catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) { System.out.println(e.toString()); }

This Statement is outside catch block and will be executed in any case

System.out.println("Hello This is Exception Test"); } // End of main() method }// End of class Exceptiondemo4

OUTPUT
What will be o/p if you execute it like 1. Java Exceptiondemo4 2. java Exceptiondemo4 1 3. 3. java exceptiondemo4 oop NO COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS PASSED AS 1 COMMAND LINE ARGUMENT PASSED oop

Nested Try Statements

Try{ } statements can be nested. One try block may contain another try block In case of nested try blocks, context of that exception is pushed onto stack. Inner try block may/or may not have catch statements associated with it. If an exception is thrown from inner try block then first inner catch statements are matched (if present) . If no match is found then outer try block are matched. If there also no match found then default handler will be invoked. However, if outer try block throws the exception then only outer try blocks are matched.

Nested try blocks

A typical Syntax
try { Statement A; Statement B; try { Statement C; Statement D; } catch(CException e) { catch(DException e) { } catch(AException e) { . catch(BException e) { . try { Statement A; Statement B; try { Statement C; Statement D; } } catch(AException e) { catch(BException e) { catch(CException e) { catch(DException e) {

. } . } } }

. . . .

} } } }

Nested try blocks cont

try { Statement A; Statement B; try { Statement C; Statement D; } catch(CException e) catch(DException e) } catch(AException e) { . catch(BException e) { . catch(CException e) { . catch(DException e) { .

{ {

. .

} }

} } } }

Nested try statements Example

class nestedtry { public static void main(String args[]) { int a[] = { 2,5,6}; // { a[0] = 2, a[1] = 5, a[2] = 6} try // outer try { int b = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); try // inner try { int c[] = { 4,5,6}; // { c[0] = 4, c[1] = 5, c[2] = 6} int d = c[b]/(c[b]-4); } // End of inner try catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) { System.out.println("Exception : "+ e.toString()); System.out.println("By Inner try"); }

catch(ArithmeticException e) { System.out.println("Exception : "+ e.toString()); System.out.println("By Inner try"); } } // End of outer try

// Catch Blocks for outer try catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) { System.out.println("Exception : "+ e.toString()); System.out.println("By Outr try"); } catch(NumberFormatException e) { System.out.println("Exception : "+ e.toString()); System.out.println("By Outer try"); } } // End of main } // End of class

D:\java\bin>java nestedtry Exception : java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 0 By Outer try

D:\java\bin>java nestedtry 4 Exception : java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 4 By Inner try D:\java\bin>java nestedtry 0 Exception : java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero By Inner try

Writing Your Own Exceptions

Programmers Can write their own Exception classes apart from javas library Exceptions. Programmer can write either checked Exception OR Unchecked Exception. To make a checked exception , make your exception class a subclass of Exception OR any one of its subclass EXCEPT RunTimeException.
class AException extends Exception { } Checked Exception class BException extends IOException { ..} Checked Exception

To make a Unchecked exception , make your exception class a subclass of RunTimeException OR any one of its subclass .
class class class class XException YException ZException ZException extends extends extends extends RunTimeException { } AritmeticException { } ArrayIndexOutOfException { } IndexOutOfBoundsException { }

Throwing Unchecked Exception

1. Create an InvalidBOXException which will be thrown by the constructor of the BOX class whenever an attempt will be made to create an invalid BOX object. (Any Dimension = 0 or < 0). 2. Create an InvalidTriangleException which will be thrown whenever an attempt will be made to create an invalid Triangle object. (In Triangle sum of two sides must be > third side).

EXAMPLE 1: class InvalidBOXException extends RuntimeException { InvalidBOXException(String msg) { super(msg); System.out.println("An attempt is made to create an Invalid BOx object "); } } class BOX Optional as InvalidBOXException { is Unchecked private double length; private double width; private double height; BOX(double l, double w, double h) throws InvalidBOXException { if( l <=0 || w <= 0 || h <= 0) throw new InvalidBOXException("Invalid BOX Object creation"); length = l; width = w; height = h; }

double getLength() { return length; } double getWidth() { return width; } double getHeight() { return height; } double Area() { return 2*(length*width + width*height + height*length); } double Volume() { return length*width*height ; } } class exceptiontest1 { public static void main(String args[]) {

BOX b1 = new BOX(0,0,0); BOX b2 = new BOX(10,4,5);

System.out.println(Area of b2:+b2.Area()); } }
D:\java\bin>java exceptiontest1 An attempt is made to create an Invalid BOx object Exception in thread "main" InvalidBOXException: Inavlid BOX Object creation at BOX.<init>(exceptiontest1.java:18) at exceptiontest1.main(exceptiontest1.java:35)

Change of main method No 1

class exceptiontest1 { public static void main(String args[]) { try { BOX b1 = new BOX(0,0,0); System.out.println("Area of b1"+b1.Area()); } // catch(InvalidBOXException e) { } If these statements are out catch(Exception e) { }; side try block? try { BOX b2 = new BOX(10,4,5); System.out.println("Area of b2:"+b2.Area()); } // catch(InvalidBOXException e) { } catch(Exception e) {}; D:\java\bin>java exceptiontest1 }} An attempt is made to create an Invalid BOx

object Area of b2:220.0

Change of Main Method No 2

class exceptiontest1 { public static void main(String args[]) { BOX b1; System.out.println(b1.Area()); } } class exceptiontest1 { public static void main(String args[]) { BOX b1 = null; System.out.println(b1.Area()); } } <Compile Time Error> D:\java\bin>javac exceptiontest1.java exceptiontest1.java:36: variable b1 might not have been initialized System.out.println(b1.Area()); ^ 1 error

<RUNTIME Error> D:\java\bin>java exceptiontest1 Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException at exceptiontest1.main(exceptiontest1.java: 36)

Checked Exceptions
Make your exception class extends Exception class or any one of its subclass except RumtimeException. Checked Exceptions needs to either caught or informed by use of throws clause Note down that throw clause is used to throw the exception where as throws clause is used to inform that an exception is thrown by the method. Throw clause is used inside method body where as throws clause is used with first line of the method. Throws clause can be used to inform both type of exceptions. But in case a method is throwing a unchecked exception then it is not compulsory to inform. In case a method is throwing a checked Exception, then it has either to caught the exception or informs by using throws clause or it can do both.

EXAMPLE 1: class InvalidBOXException extends Exception Checked { Exception InvalidBOXException(String msg) { super(msg); System.out.println("An attempt is made to create an Invalid BOx object "); } } class BOX { Any Method or constructor which throws an private double length; checked Type Exception must inform it thru private double width; throws clause private double height; BOX(double l, double w, double h) { if( l <=0 || w <= 0 || h <= 0) throw new InvalidBOXException("Inavlid BOX Object creation"); length = l; width = w; height = h; }

double getLength() { return length; } double getWidth() { return width; } double getHeight() { return height; } double Area() { return 2*(length*width + width*height + height*length); } double Volume() { return length*width*height ; } } class exceptiontest1 { public static void main(String args[]) { BOX b1 = new BOX(0,0,0); BOX b2 = new BOX(10,4,5); System.out.println(Area of b2:+b2.Area()); } }

D:\java\bin>javac exceptiontest1.java < Compile Time Error> exceptiontest1.java:18: unreported exception InvalidBOXException; must be caught or declared to be thrown throw new InvalidBOXException("Inavlid BOX Object creation"); ^ 1 error

EXAMPLE 1: class InvalidBOXException extends Exception { InvalidBOXException(String msg) { super(msg); System.out.println("An attempt is made to create an Invalid BOx object "); } }

class BOX { private double length; private double width; private double height; BOX(double l, double w, double h) throws InvalidBOXException { if( l <=0 || w <= 0 || h <= 0) throw new InvalidBOXException("Inavlid BOX Object creation"); length = l; width = w; height = h; }

double getLength() { return length; } double getWidth() { return width; } double getHeight() { return height; } double Area() { return 2*(length*width + width*height + height*length); } double Volume() { return length*width*height ; } } class exceptiontest1 { public static void main(String args[]) throws InvalidBOXException { BOX b1 = new BOX(0,0,0); BOX b2 = new BOX(10,4,5); System.out.println(Area of b2:+b2.Area()); } }

D:\java\bin>java exceptiontest1 An attempt is made to create an Invalid BOx object Exception in thread "main" InvalidBOXException: Inavlid BOX Object creation at BOX.<init>(exceptiontest1.java:18) at exceptiontest1.main(exceptiontest1.java:36)

Use of finally Clause

finally statement can be used to handle an exception that is not caught by previous statements. finally block may be added immediately after try block or after the last catch block. finally block in general used to perform house keeping operations such as closing files or releasing system resources. Finally block when present is guaranteed to execute regardless of whether an exception is thrown or not. If you want then finally block can be used to handle any exception generated within a try block.

finally clause Syntax

try { .. .. . } finally { .. .. . } try { .. .. . } catch(.) { . } catch(..) { . } .. .. finally { .. .. }

Example(finally clause)
class ex10 { public static void main(String args[]) { int a=10; int b = 20; try { int b1=Integer.parseInt(args[0]); int x = a/(a-b1); try { int y = b/(b-b1); } finally { System.out.println("Inner Block executed"); finally } { } System.out.println("Outer Block executed"); } } }

Output
D:\java\bin>java ex10 Outer Block executed Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 0 at ex10.main(ex10.java:9) D:\java\bin>java ex10 45 Inner Block executed Outer Block executed D:\java\bin>java ex10 10 Outer Block executed Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero at ex10.main(ex10.java:10) D:\java\bin>java ex10 20 Inner Block executed Outer Block executed Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero at ex10.main(ex10.java:13)

Creating Hierarchy of Exceptions

1. We can create our own tree of exception classes. 2. All Exceptions classes in tree are either checked or unchecked depending upon whether the super class is checked or unchecked.
InvalidStudentException InvalidIdNOException InvalidNameException

InvalidIdNoYearException

InvalidIdNoDesciplineException

Example
class AException extends RuntimeException{} class BException extends AException{} class CException extends AException{}

AException

class ex11 BException CException { public static void main(String args[]) Catch sub class Exceptions First then { super class Exceptions try { int a=10; D:\java\bin>javac ex11.java } ex11.java:14: exception BException has already been caught catch(AException e) {} catch(BException e) {} catch(BException e) {} ^ catch(CException e) {} ex11.java:15: exception CException has already been caught } catch(CException e) {} } ^ 2 errors

Exception Example
class Student { private String name; private String idno;
Exception StudentException

InvalidName Exception

InvalidId Exception

InvalidYear Exception

InvalidNumber Exception

class StudentException extends Exception { StudentException(String msg) { super(msg); System.out.println(msg); } }

class InvalidNameException extends StudentException { InvalidNameException(String msg) { super(msg); System.out.println(msg); } } class InvalidIdException extends StudentException { InvalidIdException(String msg) { super(msg); System.out.println(msg); }}

class InvalidYearException extends StudentException { InvalidYearException(String msg) { super(msg); System.out.println(msg); } } class InvalidNumberException extends StudentException { InvalidNumberException(String msg) { super(msg); System.out.println(msg); } }

class Student { private String name; private String idno; private boolean containsAlphabetsOnly(String str) { for(int i=0;i<str.length();i++) { int j = str.charAt(i); if(j < 65) return false; if(j > 125) return false; if(j > 91 && j < 96) return false; } return true; }

Student(String name,String idno) throws StudentException { if(!containsAlphabetsOnly(name)) throw new InvalidNameException("Invalid Name"); int a = Integer.parseInt(idno.substring(0,4)); if( a < 1995 || a > 2007) throw new InvalidYearException("Invalid Id Year"); int b = Integer.parseInt(idno.substring(8)); if( b <= 0 || b > 999) throw new InvalidNumberException("Invalid Student Number");

this.name = name; this.idno = idno; } }// End of student class

class exceptiontest { public static void main(String args[]) throws StudentException { Student std1 = new Student("123","sttts"); } }

E:\oop>java studentexception Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: studentexception (wrong name: StudentException)at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method) at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(Unknown Source) at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(Unknown Source)at java.net.URLClassLoader.defineClass(Unknown Source)

Sample Example 1
class Sample { public static void main(String args[]) { try { int a = 10; } catch(Exception e) {} } // End of main() }//End of class Sample

NO ERROR

Example 2
import java.io.*; class Sample { public static void main(String args[]) { try { int a = 10; Sample.java:10: exception } java.io.IOException is never thrown in body catch(IOException e) {} of corresponding try statement catch(IOException e) {} }// End of main() ^ }//End of class sample 1 error

Example 3
import java.io.*; class Sample { public static void main(String args[]) { try { int a = 10; } catch(Exception e) {} catch(RuntimeException e) {} } D:\java\bin>javac Sample.java }//End of class Sample.java:11: exception java.lang.RuntimeException has already been caught catch(RuntimeException e) {} ^ 1 error

Example 4
class ExceptionDemo4 { public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception { int a= 10; int b = a + 10; System.out.println("a="+a+"b="+b); } }

E:\Java Programs>javac ExceptionDemo4.java E:\Java Programs>java ExceptionDemo4 a=10b=20

Example 5
class ExceptionDemo4 { public static void main(String args[]) throws RuntimeException { int a= 10; int b = a + 10; System.out.println("a="+a+"b="+b); } }

E:\Java Programs>javac ExceptionDemo4.java E:\Java Programs>java ExceptionDemo4 a=10b=20

Example 6
import java.io.*; class ExceptionDemo4 { public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException { int a= 10; int b = a + 10; System.out.println("a="+a+"b="+b); } }

E:\Java Programs>javac ExceptionDemo4.java E:\Java Programs>java ExceptionDemo4 a=10b=20

Example 7
class A { public void display() throws Exception { System.out.println("Hello"); }// End of display() display() method is overridden in sub class B. }// End of class A
As display throws Exception

class B extends A Bs display throws RuntimeException { public void display() throws RuntimeException { System.out.println("Hi"); }// End of display() NO ERROR IN CODE. }// End of class B

COMPILES SUCESSFULLY

Example 8
class A { public void display() throws RuntimeException { System.out.println("Hello"); display() method is overridden in sub class B. }// End of display() As display throws RuntimeException }// End of class A
Bs display throws Exception

class B extends A { public void display() throws Exception { System.out.println("Hi"); }// End of display() }// End of class B

E:\Java Programs>javac AB.java AB.java:10: display() in B cannot override display() in A; overridden method does not throw java.lang.Exception public void display() throws Exception ^ 1 error

Example 9
import java.io.*; class A { public void display() throws RuntimeException { display() method System.out.println("Hello"); is overridden in }// End of display() sub class B }// End of class A class B extends A { public void display() throws IOException { E:\Java Programs>javac AB.java System.out.println("Hi"); AB.java:10: display() in B cannot override }// End of display() display() in A; overridden method does not }// End of class B throw java.io.IOException
public void display() throws IOException

Example 10
import java.io.*; class A { public void display() throws IOException { System.out.println("Hello"); }// End of display() }// End of class A

display() method is overridden in sub class B

class B extends A { public void display() throws RuntimeException { System.out.println("Hi"); }// End of display() NO ERROR IN CODE. }// End of class B

COMPILES SUCESSFULLY