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William Stallings: Transmission Media

This document summarizes different types of transmission media including guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber as well as unguided wireless transmission. It describes key characteristics of each medium such as suitable applications and frequency ranges. For guided media, it focuses on aspects like data rate, distance, and quality. For wireless, it discusses directional versus omnidirectional transmission and applications of technologies like terrestrial microwave, satellite microwave, broadcast radio and infrared.

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Yawar Aziz Bhatti
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77 views25 pages

William Stallings: Transmission Media

This document summarizes different types of transmission media including guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber as well as unguided wireless transmission. It describes key characteristics of each medium such as suitable applications and frequency ranges. For guided media, it focuses on aspects like data rate, distance, and quality. For wireless, it discusses directional versus omnidirectional transmission and applications of technologies like terrestrial microwave, satellite microwave, broadcast radio and infrared.

Uploaded by

Yawar Aziz Bhatti
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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William Stallings

Chapter 4 Transmission Media

Overview

Guided - wire Unguided - wireless Characteristics and quality determined by medium and signal For guided, the medium is more important For unguided, the bandwidth produced by the antenna is more important Key concerns are data rate and distance

Electromagnetic Spectrum

General Frequency Ranges

Microwave frequency range


1 GHz to 40 GHz Directional beams possible Suitable for point-to-point transmission Used for satellite communications
30 MHz to 1 GHz Suitable for omnidirectional applications Roughly, 3x1011 to 2x1014 Hz Useful in local point-to-point multipoint applications within confined areas

Radio frequency range


Infrared frequency range


Guided Transmission Media


Twisted Pair Coaxial cable Optical fiber

Twisted Pair

Twisted Pair - Applications


Most common medium Telephone network

Between house and local exchange (subscriber loop) To private branch exchange (PBX) 10Mbps or 100Mbps

Within buildings

For local area networks (LAN)

Twisted Pair (Contd)


Cheap Easy to work with Low data rate Short range

Twisted Pair - Transmission Characteristics

Analog

Amplifiers every 5km to 6km Use either analog or digital signals repeater every 2km or 3km

Digital

Limited distance Limited bandwidth (1MHz) Limited data rate (100MHz) Susceptible to interference and noise

Unshielded and Shielded TP

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)


Ordinary telephone wire Cheapest Easiest to install Suffers from external EM interference Metal braid or sheathing that reduces interference More expensive Harder to handle (thick, heavy)

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)


UTP Categories

Cat 3

up to 16MHz Voice grade found in most offices Twist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cm up to 20 MHz up to 100MHz Commonly pre-installed in new office buildings Twist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cm

Cat 4

Cat 5

Coaxial Cable

Coaxial Cable Applications


Most versatile medium Television distribution


Ariel to TV Cable TV Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously Being replaced by fiber optic

Long distance telephone transmission


Short distance computer systems links Local area networks

Coaxial Cable - Transmission Characteristics

Analog

Amplifiers every few km Closer if higher frequency Up to 500MHz Repeater every 1km Closer for higher data rates

Digital

Optical Fiber

Optical Fiber - Benefits

Greater capacity

Data rates of hundreds of Gbps

Smaller size & weight Lower attenuation Electromagnetic isolation Greater repeater spacing

10s of km at least

Optical Fiber - Applications


Long-haul trunks Metropolitan trunks Rural exchange trunks Subscriber loops LANs

Optical Fiber - Transmission Characteristics

Act as wave guide for 1014 to 1015 Hz

Portions of infrared and visible spectrum Cheaper Wider operating temp range Last longer More efficient Greater data rate

Light Emitting Diode (LED)


Injection Laser Diode (ILD)


Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Optical Fiber Transmission Modes

Wireless Transmission

Unguided media Transmission and reception via antenna Directional


Focused beam Careful alignment required Signal spreads in all directions Can be received by many antennae

Omnidirectional

Frequencies

2GHz to 40GHz

Microwave Highly directional Point to point Satellite Omnidirectional Broadcast radio Infrared Local

30MHz to 1GHz

3 x 1011 to 2 x 1014

Terrestrial Microwave

Description of common microwave antenna


Parabolic "dish", 3 m in diameter Fixed rigidly and focuses a narrow beam Achieves line-of-sight transmission to receiving antenna Located at substantial heights above ground level

Applications

Long haul telecommunications service Short point-to-point links between buildings

Satellite Microwave

Description of communication satellite


Microwave relay station Used to link two or more ground-based microwave transmitter/receivers Receives transmissions on one frequency band (uplink), amplifies or repeats the signal, and transmits it on another frequency (downlink)

Applications

Television distribution Long-distance telephone transmission Private business networks

Broadcast Radio

Description of broadcast radio antennas


Omnidirectional Antennas not required to be dish-shaped Antennas need not be rigidly mounted to a precise alignment Broadcast radio

Applications

VHF and part of the UHF band; 30 MHZ to 1GHz Covers FM radio and UHF and VHF television

Infrared

Modulate no coherent infrared light Line of sight (or reflection) Blocked by walls e.g. TV remote control

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