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Signals and Systems

This lecture covers signal transformations, including transformations of the dependent and independent variables. It discusses topics like signal scaling, addition, multiplication, differentiation, time reversal, time shifting, and time scaling. Signal transformations are an important concept in signals and systems analysis, with examples of how pilot actions can transform aircraft dynamics through mechanical systems. Transformations of the independent time variable include reversing, shifting, and scaling the time axis, and a systematic key-points approach is provided for computing the results of these transformations.

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מוחמד טאהא
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72 views17 pages

Signals and Systems

This lecture covers signal transformations, including transformations of the dependent and independent variables. It discusses topics like signal scaling, addition, multiplication, differentiation, time reversal, time shifting, and time scaling. Signal transformations are an important concept in signals and systems analysis, with examples of how pilot actions can transform aircraft dynamics through mechanical systems. Transformations of the independent time variable include reversing, shifting, and scaling the time axis, and a systematic key-points approach is provided for computing the results of these transformations.

Uploaded by

מוחמד טאהא
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signals and Systems

Lecture # 3

Signals Transformations
Prepared by:

Dr. Mohammed Refaey

Signals and Systems

Lecture # 3

Topics of the lecture:

Signals Transformations of Dependent Variable

Signals Transformations of Independent Variable

Signals and Systems

Lecture # 3

Signals Transformation
Signal Transformation plays a central concept in signals and systems analysis. Examples: Pilot Actions Through electrical and mechanical system Changes in aircraft thrust, OR Positions in the control surfaces

Changes in velocity or heading

Through Dynamics and Kinematics

Signals and Systems

Lecture # 3

Signals Transformation (1- Of Dependent Variable)

Signals and Systems

Lecture # 3

Signals Transformation (1- Of Dependent Variable)


Signal Scaling Example:

Signals and Systems

Lecture # 3

Signals Transformation (1- Of Dependent Variable)

Signals and Systems

Lecture # 3

Signals Transformation (1- Of Dependent Variable)


Signal Addition Example: Signal Multiplication Example:

Signals and Systems

Lecture # 3

Signals Transformation (1- Of Dependent Variable)

Signals and Systems

Lecture # 3

Signals Transformation (1- Of Dependent Variable)

Signal Differentiation Example:

Signals and Systems

Lecture # 3

Signals Transformation (1- Of Dependent Variable)

Signals and Systems

Lecture # 3

10

Signals Transformation (2- Of Independent Variable (time) )


B- Basic Operations on the independent Variable:

1- Time Reversal: It is a reflection of the signal around the vertical axis at t=0 (i.e. reversing it) for the continuous-time signals, OR at n=0 for discrete-time signals. e.g. if x(t) is an audio file, x(-t) is the same file but played backward. Mirror

Signals and Systems

Lecture # 3

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Signals Transformation (2- Of Independent Variable (time) )


2- Time Shift: y ( t ) = x ( t to) It is the same signal in shape but moved either to right ( to > 0, and called Time-Delay) or to the left ( to < 0, and called Advance) of the original signal. e.g. Any application has a transmitter and multiple receivers. Example: The original signal f(t) at (t = -5) will occur at a new location of the signal f(t-2) at: t-2 = -5 t= -3 i.e. the new location at (t=-3) Similarly, its new location of the signal f(t+2) at: t+2=-5 t= -7 i.e. the new location will be at (t= -7)

Signals and Systems

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Signals Transformation (2- Of Independent Variable (time) )


2- Time Shift:

Signals and Systems

Lecture # 3

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Signals Transformation (2- Of Independent Variable (time) )


3- Time Scaling: y(t)=x(at) It is a signal similar to the original signal in shape but it is either compressed ( a > 1, and called Time-Shrinking or TimeCompression) or stretched ( a < 1, and called TimeExpansion or Time-Stretch) version of the original signal. e.g. An audio file either played at double speed or half speed.

Signals and Systems

Lecture # 3

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Signals Transformation (2- Of Independent Variable (time) )


In general: There is a Time-Shift: -Time-delay (move to right) if b > 0 -Time advance (move to left) if b < 0

If b 0

y ( t ) = x ( a.t b )

If a = -1

There is a Time-Reversal: The result is similar in shape to the original signal but mirrored/reversed version of it

If |a| 1

There is a Time-Scaling: -Time-Shrinking/Time-Compression if |a| >1 - Time-Expansion or Time-Stretch if |a| < 1

A systematic approach to get y(t) = x ( a.t b ) from x(t): 1- Do the time-shift i.e. get y1(t) = x ( t b ) 2- Do the time reverse and/or time scaling, i.e get y(t) = y1( a.t )
Signals and Systems Lecture # 3 15

Signals Transformation (2- Of Independent Variable (time) )


Example:

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Lecture # 3

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Signals Transformation (2- Of Independent Variable (time) )


Key-points approach to compute the independent transformations result: 1- Determine the Key-points in time. Where the key-point is the point at which there is a change in the signal behavior. In the last example in the previous page for example three key-points: At t=0, t=1, and t=2 2- let the required transformation as a Left-Hand-Side of an equation. In the last example the second required transformation was (t+1). And sequentially find the new key-points by let each old key-point in the rightHand-Side of the equation and solve for t to get the new key-points location. For the last example: For t=0 -t+1=0 t=1 , then what was happened at t=0 will happen at t=1 For t=1 -t+1=1 t=0 , then what was happened at t=1 will happen at t=0 For t=2 -t+1=0 t=-1, then what was happened at t=2 will happen at t=-1 3- draw the result through connecting between key-points.
Signals and Systems Lecture # 3 17

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