Signals and Systems

Lecture # 1
Complex Numbers
Prepared by:
Dr. Mohammed Refaey
1 Signals and Systems Lecture # 1
Topics of the lecture:
Review of Complex Numbers.
Course Outlines
2 Signals and Systems Lecture # 1
3 Signals and Systems Lecture # 1
Course Outline:
The Course will be divided into two parts:
- Part I: by Dr. Mohammed Refaey
- Part II: by Dr. Sherif Abdo
The Course prerequisites:
The Calculus (differentiation and Integration),
The Partial Fractions, The Complex Numbers,
Trigonometry, and Differential Equations.
The Course Total Degrees will be 100:
60 % Final Exam.
20 % Midterm Exam.
20 % Two Quizzes and Assignments.
The Course Textbooks will be:
1- Signals and Systems, 2
nd
Edition , 1997
A.V.Oppenheim & A.S. Willsky (Prentice Hall)
2- Signals and Systems: 2
nd
Edition, 2011
Edward A. Lee & Pravin Varaiya
Review of Complex Numbers:
It is invented to deal with the square root of negative numbers,
specifically introducing the imaginary number
Dealing with imaginaries gives you the ability to work with the square
root of negatives. BUT, in the same time you lose something !
1 = j
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
j j j j j j example f or
egers are k and n m where j j j j general in
j j j j j j j
j j j j j j Note
not j make always should you as true not is this HERE
j then
A A as
j
k k n m
a
b
b
a
= = = =
= =
= = = = = =
= = = = = =
=
= = = =
=
=
+

3 3 24 4 3 96 99
4
12 8 4 11 7 3
10 6 2 9 5
2
2
2
2
2
2
. :
int , , , . ,
1 ;
1 ; 1 :
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1 1 ) 1 ( 1 :
1
4 Signals and Systems Lecture # 1
Review of Complex Numbers:
A complex number is made up of both real and imaginary components
and its usually represented as Z = a + j b
Where a called the real part of the complex number Z, or a = Re{ Z },
b called the imaginary part of the complex number Z, or b = Im{ Z },
and (j) is the square root of (-1), i.e.
1 = j
The Complex Plane:
A complex number can be visualized
in a two-dimensional number line,
known as an Argand diagram, or
the complex plane as shown in Figure.
It is conventional to represent a
complex number as a vector in the
complex plane.
1 = j
5 Signals and Systems Lecture # 1
Review of Complex Numbers:
The Complex Magnitude :
From the Figure, it can be easily seen (using
the Pythagorean theorem) that the magnitude,
or length, of the vector representing a
complex number is:
2 2
| | b a z + =
The Phase Angle of a complex number:
It is the angle of the phasor of the complex
number with the positive Real-Axis:
|
.
|

\
|
=

a
b
1
tan u
It is usually called the Argument of the complex number. { } Z Arg = u
t u 2 0 < s
6 Signals and Systems Lecture # 1
7 Signals and Systems Lecture # 1
Review of Complex Numbers:
If you have Z = a + j b
Polar Form:
) cos( | |
| |
) cos(
) sin( | |
| |
) sin(
u u
u u
Z a
Z
a
and
Z b
Z
b
graph the f rom
= =
= =
Then Z can rewritten as :
( )
) (
|, | ,
) sin( ) cos( : '
) sin( ) cos( | |
) sin( | | ) cos( | |
Z number complex the of f orm polar the called is which
Z r where re Z Then
j e Formula s Euler From
j Z
Z j Z Z
j
j
= =
+ =
+ =
+ =
u
u
u u
u u
u u
8 Signals and Systems Lecture # 1
Review of Complex Numbers:
Complex numbers
addition is similar to
vectors sum.
Addition and Subtraction:
If you have Z
1
= a + j b and Z
2
= c + j d

Then: Z
1
+ Z
2
= a + j b + c + j d

= ( a + c ) + j ( b + d)
And : Z
1
- Z
2
= ( a - c ) + j ( b - d)
i.e. subtract the real part from the real part and the imaginary part from the
imaginary part
i.e. add the real part to the real part and the imaginary part to the imaginary part.
9 Signals and Systems Lecture # 1
Review of Complex Numbers:
Multiplication:
If you have Z
1
= a + j b and Z
2
= c + j d

Then: Z
1
. Z
2
= (a + j b ) . (c + j d

)
= a (c + j d

) + j b (c + j d

)
= a c b d + j (a d + b c)
Complex Conjugation:
The complex conjugate The complex
conjugate of a complex number z, is denoted
Z
*
, and is defined:
Z
*
= a - j b
The complex conjugate z* has:
the same real part but opposite imaginary part, and
the same magnitude but opposite phase.
Signals and Systems Lecture # 1 10
Review of Complex Numbers:
Complex Conjugation Properties:
(Z
1
+ Z
2
)
*
= Z
1
*
+ Z
2
*

(Z
*
)
*
= Z
if Z
2
0, (Z
1
/ Z
2
)
*
= Z
1
*
/ Z
2
*

(Z
1
. Z
2
)
*
= Z
1
*
. Z
2
*

(Z
n
)
*
= (Z
*
)
n
if Z is real, then Z = Z
*

Signals and Systems Lecture # 1 11
Review of Complex Numbers:
Complex Conjugation Properties:
( ) ( )
( )
( ) | | ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) | |
( )
n
n
n n n
n
n
n
n
n
Z
j r
n j n r n j n r Z
n j n r j r Z
Theroem s DeMoivre by then
j r Z let
Z Z that prove
*
* *
*
*
) sin( ) cos(
) sin( ) cos( ) sin( ) cos(
) sin( ) cos( ) sin( ) cos(
: '
) sin( ) cos(
:
=
=
= + =
+ = + =
+ =
=
u u
u u u u
u u u u
u u
Signals and Systems Lecture # 1 12
Review of Complex Numbers:
The Complex Magnitude Properties:
| Z | = | Z* |
| Z | = 0 iff Z = 0
if Z 0, then | 1 / Z | = 1 / | Z

|
|Z
1
. Z
2
| = | Z
1
| . | Z
2
|
|Z
1
+ Z
2
| | Z
1
| + | Z
2
|

Z . Z* = | Z|
2
Review of Complex Numbers:
Division:
If you have Z
1
= a + j b and Z
2
= c + j d
Then:
Is usually rewritten by rationalizing
the denominator.
jd c
jb a
Z
Z
+
+
=
2
1
2 2
2
1
) ( ) (
d c
ad bc j bd ac
jd c
jd c
jd c
jb a
Z
Z
+
+ +
=

+
+
=
) (
3 1
5 3
:
jb a of form the in
j
j
Express
Example
+
+

We multiply the numerator and

=

=
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

13 Signals and Systems Lecture # 1

=
+
t
14 Signals and Systems Lecture # 1