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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
5 - 1
Introduction
Beams - structural members supporting loads at
various points along the member
Objective - Analysis and design of beams
Transverse loadings of beams are classified as
concentrated loads or distributed loads
Applied loads result in internal forces consisting
of a shear force (from the shear stress
distribution) and a bending couple (from the
normal stress distribution)
Normal stress is often the critical design criteria
S
M
I
c M
I
My
m x
= = = o o
Requires determination of the location and
magnitude of largest bending moment
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
5 - 2
Introduction
Classification of Beam Supports
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
5 - 3
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Determination of maximum normal and
shearing stresses requires identification of
maximum internal shear force and bending
couple.
Shear force and bending couple at a point are
determined by passing a section through the
beam and applying an equilibrium analysis on
the beam portions on either side of the
section.
Sign conventions for shear forces V and V
and bending couples M and M
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
5 - 4
Sample Problem 5.1
For the timber beam and loading
shown, draw the shear and bend-
moment diagrams and determine the
maximum normal stress due to
bending.
SOLUTION:
Treating the entire beam as a rigid
body, determine the reaction forces
Identify the maximum shear and
bending-moment from plots of their
distributions.
Apply the elastic flexure formulas to
determine the corresponding
maximum normal stress.
Section the beam at points near
supports and load application points.
Apply equilibrium analyses on
resulting free-bodies to determine
internal shear forces and bending
couples
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
5 - 5
Sample Problem 5.1
SOLUTION:
Treating the entire beam as a rigid body, determine
the reaction forces
= = = = kN 14 kN 40 : 0 from
D B B y
R R M F
Section the beam and apply equilibrium analyses
on resulting free-bodies
( )( ) 0 0 m 0 kN 20 0
kN 20 0 kN 20 0
1 1 1
1 1
= = +

=
= =

=
M M M
V V F
y
( )( ) m kN 50 0 m 5 . 2 kN 20 0
kN 20 0 kN 20 0
2 2 2
2 2
= = +

=
= =

=
M M M
V V F
y
0 kN 14
m kN 28 kN 14
m kN 28 kN 26
m kN 50 kN 26
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
= =
+ = =
+ = + =
= + =
M V
M V
M V
M V
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
5 - 6
Sample Problem 5.1
Identify the maximum shear and bending-
moment from plots of their distributions.
m kN 50 kN 26 = = =
B m m
M M V
Apply the elastic flexure formulas to
determine the corresponding
maximum normal stress.
( )( )
3 6
3
3 6
2
6
1
2
6
1
m 10 33 . 833
m N 10 50
m 10 33 . 833
m 250 . 0 m 080 . 0

= =
=
= =
S
M
h b S
B
m
o
Pa 10 0 . 60
6
=
m
o
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
5 - 7
Sample Problem 5.2
The structure shown is constructed of a
W10x112 rolled-steel beam. (a) Draw
the shear and bending-moment diagrams
for the beam and the given loading. (b)
determine normal stress in sections just
to the right and left of point D.
SOLUTION:
Replace the 10 kip load with an
equivalent force-couple system at D.
Find the reactions at B by considering
the beam as a rigid body.
Section the beam at points near the
support and load application points.
Apply equilibrium analyses on
resulting free-bodies to determine
internal shear forces and bending
couples.
Apply the elastic flexure formulas to
determine the maximum normal
stress to the left and right of point D.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
5 - 8
Sample Problem 5.2
SOLUTION:
Replace the 10 kip load with equivalent force-
couple system at D. Find reactions at B.
Section the beam and apply equilibrium
analyses on resulting free-bodies.
( )( ) ft kip 5 . 1 0 3 0
kips 3 0 3 0
:
2
2
1
1
= = + =
= =

=
x M M x x M
x V V x F
C to A From
y
( ) ( ) ft kip 24 96 0 4 24 0
kips 24 0 24 0
:
2
= = +

=
= =

=
x M M x M
V V F
D to C From
y
( ) ft kip 34 226 kips 34
:
= = x M V
B to D From
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
5 - 9
Sample Problem 5.2
Apply the elastic flexure formulas to
determine the maximum normal stress to
the left and right of point D.
From Appendix C for a W10x112 rolled
steel shape, S = 126 in
3
about the X-X axis.
3
3
in 126
in kip 1776
:
in 126
in kip 2016
:

= =

= =
S
M
D of right the To
S
M
D of left the To
m
m
o
o
ksi 0 . 16 =
m
o
ksi 1 . 14 =
m
o
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5 - 10
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
( )
x w V
x w V V V F
y
A = A
= A A + =

0 : 0
}
=
=
D
C
x
x
C D
dx w V V
w
dx
dV
Relationship between load and shear:
( )
( )
2
2
1
0
2
: 0
x w x V M
x
x w x V M M M M
C
A A = A
=
A
A + A A + =

'
}
=
=
D
C
x
x
C D
dx V M M
dx
dM
0
Relationship between shear and bending
moment:
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
5 - 11
Sample Problem 5.3
Draw the shear and bending
moment diagrams for the beam
and loading shown.
SOLUTION:
Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at A and D.
Apply the relationship between shear and
load to develop the shear diagram.
Apply the relationship between bending
moment and shear to develop the bending
moment diagram.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
5 - 12
Sample Problem 5.3
SOLUTION:
Taking the entire beam as a free body, determine the
reactions at A and D.
( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
kips 18
kips 12 kips 26 kips 12 kips 20 0
0 F
kips 26
ft 28 kips 12 ft 14 kips 12 ft 6 kips 20 ft 24 0
0
y
=
+ =
=

=
=
=

y
y
A
A
A
D
D
M
Apply the relationship between shear and load to
develop the shear diagram.
dx w dV w
dx
dV
= =
- zero slope between concentrated loads
- linear variation over uniform load segment
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
5 - 13
Sample Problem 5.3
Apply the relationship between bending
moment and shear to develop the bending
moment diagram.
dx V dM V
dx
dM
= =
- bending moment at A and E is zero
- total of all bending moment changes across
the beam should be zero
- net change in bending moment is equal to
areas under shear distribution segments
- bending moment variation between D
and E is quadratic
- bending moment variation between A, B,
C and D is linear
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
5 - 14
Sample Problem 5.5
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam and loading
shown.
SOLUTION:
Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at C.
Apply the relationship between shear
and load to develop the shear diagram.
Apply the relationship between
bending moment and shear to develop
the bending moment diagram.
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
5 - 15
Sample Problem 5.5
SOLUTION:
Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at C.
|
.
|

\
|
= +
|
.
|

\
|
= =

= + = =
3 3
0
0
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
a
L a w M M
a
L a w M
a w R R a w F
C C C
C C y
Results from integration of the load and shear
distributions should be equivalent.
Apply the relationship between shear and load
to develop the shear diagram.
( ) curve load under area a w V
a
x
x w dx
a
x
w V V
B
a
a
A B
= =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
} |
.
|

\
|
=
0
2
1
0
2
0
0
0
2
1
- No change in shear between B and C.
- Compatible with free body analysis
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5 - 16
Sample Problem 5.5
Apply the relationship between bending moment
and shear to develop the bending moment
diagram.
2
0
3
1
0
3 2
0
0
2
0
6 2 2
a w M
a
x x
w dx
a
x
x w M M
B
a
a
A B
=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
}
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
( ) ( )
( )
|
.
|

\
|
= =
=
}
=
3 2
3
0
0
6
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
a
L
w a
a L a w M
a L a w dx a w M M
C
L
a
C B
Results at C are compatible with free-body
analysis
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5 - 17
Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending
Among beam section choices which have an acceptable
section modulus, the one with the smallest weight per unit
length or cross sectional area will be the least expensive
and the best choice.
The largest normal stress is found at the surface where the
maximum bending moment occurs.
S
M
I
c M
m
max max
= = o
A safe design requires that the maximum normal stress be
less than the allowable stress for the material used. This
criteria leads to the determination of the minimum
acceptable section modulus.
all
all m
M
S
o
o o
max
min
=
s
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
5 - 18
Sample Problem 5.8
A simply supported steel beam is to
carry the distributed and concentrated
loads shown. Knowing that the
allowable normal stress for the grade
of steel to be used is 160 MPa, select
the wide-flange shape that should be
used.
SOLUTION:
Considering the entire beam as a free-
body, determine the reactions at A and
D.
Develop the shear diagram for the
beam and load distribution. From the
diagram, determine the maximum
bending moment.
Determine the minimum acceptable
beam section modulus. Choose the
best standard section which meets this
criteria.
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5 - 19
Sample Problem 5.8
Considering the entire beam as a free-body,
determine the reactions at A and D.
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
kN 0 . 52
kN 50 kN 60 kN 0 . 58 0
kN 0 . 58
m 4 kN 50 m 5 . 1 kN 60 m 5 0
=
+ = =

=
= =

y
y y
A
A
A F
D
D M
Develop the shear diagram and determine the
maximum bending moment.
( )
kN 8
kN 60
kN 0 . 52
=
= =
= =
B
A B
y A
V
curve load under area V V
A V
Maximum bending moment occurs at
V = 0 or x = 2.6 m.
( )
kN 6 . 67
,
max
=
= E to A curve shear under area M
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5 - 20
Sample Problem 5.8
Determine the minimum acceptable beam
section modulus.
3 3 3 6
max
min
mm 10 5 . 422 m 10 5 . 422
MPa 160
m kN 6 . 67
= =

= =

all
M
S
o
Choose the best standard section which meets
this criteria.
448 1 . 46 W200
535 8 . 44 W250
549 7 . 38 W310
474 9 . 32 W360
637 38.8 W410
mm ,
3

S Shape
9 . 32 360 W