Internet & World Wide Web How to Program, 5/e

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1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Any computable problem can be solved by executing a series of actions in a specific order A procedure for solving a problem in terms of
the actions to be executed, and the order in which the actions are to be executed

is called an algorithm

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Pseudocode
An informal language that helps you develop algorithms Pseudocode is similar to everyday English; its convenient and user friendly, although its not an actual computer programming language

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Sequential execution
Execute statements in the order they appear in the code

Transfer of control
Changing the order in which statements execute

All scripts can be written in terms of only three control statements

sequence selection repetition

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1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Flowchart
A graphical representation of an algorithm or of a portion of an algorithm Drawn using certain special-purpose symbols, such as rectangles, diamonds, ovals and small circles Symbols are connected by arrows called flowlines, which indicate the order in which the actions of the algorithm execute

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In a flowchart that represents a complete algorithm, oval symbols containing the words Begin and End represent the start and the end of the algorithm. In a flowchart that shows only a portion of an algorithm, the oval symbols are omitted in favor of using small circle symbols, also called connector symbols. Perhaps the most important flowcharting symbol is the diamond symbol, also called the decision symbol, which indicates that a decision is to be made.

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JavaScript provides three selection structures.

The if statement either performs (selects) an action if a condition is true or skips the action if the condition is false.
Called a single-selection statement because it selects or ignores a single action or group of actions.

The ifelse statement performs an action if a condition is true and performs a different action if the condition is false.
Double-selection statement because it selects between two different actions or group of actions.

The switch statement performs one of many different actions, depending on the value of an expression.
Multiple-selection statement because it selects among many different actions or groups of actions.

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JavaScript provides four repetition statements, namely, while, dowhile, for and forin. In addition to keywords, JavaScript has other words that are reserved for use by the language, such as the values null, true and false, and words that are reserved for possible future use.

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1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Single-entry/single-exit control statements make it easy to build scripts. Control statements are attached to one another by connecting the exit point of one control statement to the entry point of the next.
Control-statement stacking.

There is only one other way control statements may be connected

Control-statement nesting

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The JavaScript interpreter ignores white-space

characters

blanks, tabs and newlines used for indentation and vertical spacing

A decision can be made on any expression that evaluates to a value of JavaScripts boolean type (i.e., any expression that evaluates to true or false). The indentation convention you choose should be carefully applied throughout your scripts
It is difficult to read scripts that do not use uniform spacing conventions

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1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Allows you to specify that different actions should be performed when the condition is true and when the condition is false.

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1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Conditional operator (?:)

Closely related to the ifelse statement JavaScripts only ternary operatorit takes three operands The operands together with the ?: operator form a conditional expression The first operand is a boolean expression The second is the value for the conditional expression if the boolean expression evaluates to true Third is the value for the conditional expression if the boolean expression evaluates to false

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Nested ifelse statements

Test for multiple cases by placing ifelse statements inside other ifelse statements

The JavaScript interpreter always associates an else with the previous if, unless told to do otherwise by the placement of braces ({}) The if selection statement expects only one statement in its body
To include several statements, enclose the statements in braces ({ and }) A set of statements contained within a pair of braces is called a block

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1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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A logic error has its effect at execution time. A fatal logic error causes a script to fail and terminate prematurely. A nonfatal logic error allows a script to continue executing, but the script produces incorrect results.

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1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

while
Allows you to specify that an action is to be repeated while some condition remains true The body of a loop may be a single statement or a block Eventually, the condition becomes false and repetition terminates

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1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Counter-controlled repetition
Often called definite repetition, because the number of repetitions is known before the loop begins executing

A total is a variable in which a script accumulates the sum of a series of values

A counter is a variable a script uses to counttypically in a repetition statement

Variables that store totals should normally be initialized to zero before they are used in a script

1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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JavaScript represents all numbers as floatingpoint numbers in memory Floating-point numbers often develop through division The computer allocates only a fixed amount of space to hold such a value, so the stored floating-point value can only be an approximation

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1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Sentinel-controlled repetition
Special value called a sentinel value (also called a signal value, a dummy value or a flag value) indicates the end of data entry Often is called indefinite repetition, because the number of repetitions is not known in advance

Choose a sentinel value that cannot be confused with an acceptable input value

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Top-down, stepwise refinement

A technique that is essential to the development of wellstructured algorithms Approach begins with pseudocode of the top, the statement that conveys the scripts overall purpose Divide the top into a series of smaller tasks and list them in the order in which they need to be performedthe first refinement Second refinement commits to specific variables

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1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Control statements may be stacked on top of one another in sequence

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Control structures may be nested inside of one another

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JavaScript provides the arithmetic assignment operators +=, -=, *=, /= and %=, which abbreviate certain common types of expressions.

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The increment operator, ++, and the decrement operator, --, increment or decrement a variable by 1, respectively. If the operator is prefixed to the variable, the variable is incremented or decremented by 1, then used in its expression. If the operator is postfixed to the variable, the variable is used in its expression, then incremented or decremented by 1.

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When incrementing or decrementing a variable in a statement by itself, the preincrement and postincrement forms have the same effect, and the predecrement and postdecrement forms have the same effect When a variable appears in the context of a larger expression, preincrementing the variable and postincrementing the variable have different effects. Predecrementing and postdecrementing behave similarly.
1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.